MIDTERMS Flashcards
Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
METABOLISM
It is a type of nucleic acid packed with 3 phosphates. Energy currency in the body.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
It is a membrane bound organelle that can be found in protists, fungi, animal, and plants.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Sunlight maintains and increases the orderliness of life by two methods;
DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY
It is in the process of photosynthesis which produces complex organic compounds.
DIRECTLY
It is in the respiration of those organic compounds, either by the organism itself or by other organism that eats it.
INDIRECTLY
It is the process by which the plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
It is also known as cellular respiration, it is used to obtain energy from organic compounds or food.
CELL METABOLISM
Two types of metabolic reactions.
ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC
Also called endergonic reactions, absorbs energy and build molecules from bigger ones to smaller ones (micro to macro)
ANABOLIC
Break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food into their constituent smaller parts (macro to micro)
CATABOLIC
It is a biochemical process wherein there is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, it is common in all living organism.
RESPIRATION
Two types of respiration
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
It is a type of respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
It is a type of respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
- GLYCOLYSIS
- KREBS CYCLE
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP Production without oxygen. It occurs by direct phosphate transfer from phosphorylated intermediates.
ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS
Two main types of anaerobic respiration.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
It is a process of cell metabolism wherein glucose is converted into pyruvate. It yields 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
GLYCOLYSIS
It is also known as citric acid cycle, it is considered anaerobic wherein 2 Acetyl CoA enters and releases carbon dioxide. It yields 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
KREBS CYCLE
It is an aerobic process which happens in the mitochondrial membrane. In this process, electron is transferred from NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes and electron carriers.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN OR CHEMIOSMOSIS
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
TO MAKE ATP
It is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. It is the plant part that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.
ROOT SYSTEM
The growth of the roots towards the direction of the gravity.
GRAVITROPISM
It consist of stems, leaves, and the reproductive parts of the plants and it generally grows above the ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.
SHOOT SYSTEM
Tip of each shoot where new plant growth and elongation occurs (height)
APICAL BUD
It is also called the lateral bud; it acts as source of new growth if the primary bud is damaged.
AXILLARY BUD
Help transport water, sugar, and nutrients to the leaves and canopy.
BRANCH
Where plants meristematic tissue is located; responsible for growth of new cells, leaves, branches, and roots.
NODE
It is the region between two nodes; it helps in the elongation of the stem, increasing the height of the plant.
INTERNODE
Carries water and nutrients to the plant and holds the plant up to the stand.
STEM
Provide mechanical support to self-hold and adjust leaf position towards the sun, improving light harvesting ability.
PETIOLE
Helps the plant make its own fuel using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
LEAVES
Helps the reproduction of the plant in which reproduction us the process of making new offspring in plants.
FLOWERS
The length of time from the beginning of the development to the death of a plant.
PLANT LIFE CYCLE
It is the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plants.
PLANT LIFE SPAN
Continuing or perpetual; continue to grow without being replanted
PERENNIALS
yearly; must be replanted every year
ANNUAL
have a life cycle of two growing seasons
BIENNIALS
Two growing seasons of biennials
VEGETATIVE PHASE AND REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
Growth between germination and flowering, busy carrying out photosynthesis and accumulating resources.
VEGETATIVE PHASE
Branches starts to bear flowers
REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
Are plants with flexible, green stems with few to no woody parts.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS (NON-WOODY)
Are perennials that create stiff structures above ground that they use throughout their lives.
WOODY PLANTS
Plants that flower once and then die. They reproduce only once in their lives.
MONOCARPIC
Plants that reproduce more than once before dying. They develop fruits and flowers several and are perennials.
POLYCARPIC
The components of the part to be shed are recycled by the plant for use in other processes, such as development of seed and storage.
NUTRIENT CYCLING
3 Main steps of Nutrient Cycling
ABSORB NUTRIENTS
LITTERING INTO SOILS
DECOMPOSITION
Plants grow weak and become exhausted, the aging of plant with all the associated processes such as decay, mortality, or decreased fertility with age.
SENESCENCE
These are undifferentiated cells, which means they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
They are on the outside of the plant and they provide protection for the plant cells they surround.
DERMAL TISSUE
It is the main cell type in dermal tissues
EPIDERMIS
It is a waxy polymer that secretes a water-resistant substance.
CUTIN
They are flat-like or puzzle pieces and they have the pavement cells.
EPIDEMIS
It is the outermost layer of the cells in the plant
PAVEMENT CELLS
It is an opening in the leaf surface through which gases can move into and out of the deeper cell layer.
STOMATA
It is sometimes called “ground meristem tissue” and is found inside the epidermis and extends towards the interior of the stem and root.
CORTEX
It is the site of most photosynthesis reactions in the leaf.
MESOPHYLL
Three types of cells that make up the cortex
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
It is the most common type of cortex cell
PARENCHYMA
It has the ability to begin dividing to help heal wounds by covering the wound with plant cell tissue called callus
PARENCHYMA
It is the site of many functions such as photosynthesis and storage of starch and other chemical compounds.
PARENCHYMA
It is a type of parenchyma that is packed with chloroplasts.
LEAF MESOPHYLL TISSUE
Its cell walls are thicker than the thin parenchyma cells, the cells can connect together to form resilient strands
COLLENCHYMA
This type of cell has a primary and secondary cell wall
SCLERENCHYMA
Sclerenchyma comes in 2 types, these are the;
FIBER AND SCLERIDS
They do not thicken in response to a stimuli because they are dead at maturity
SCLERENCHYMA
It forms the plumbing system of the plant through which water, nutrients, sugars, and other compounds flow.
VASCULAR TISSUE
It is known as conducting vessel of a plant and it consists of xylem and phloem.
VASCULAR BUNDLE
It moves water in the plant and the water flow is unidirectional.
XYLEM
Four different types of cells that xylem tissues are composed of;
VESSELS
TRACHEIDS
XYLEM FIBERS
XYLEM PARENCHYMA
Elongated cells that connect end to end to form tubes.
VESSELS
These cells are elongated and narrower than vessels, and connect by overlapping at their ends.
TRACHEIDS
They are strung together end to end like the vessels and tracheid and they provide flexible support for the plant from within the vascular bundles.
XYLEM FIBERS
They can store water, which is essential for the proper functioning of the plant.
XYLEM PARENCHYMA
Four types of cells in phloem tissue
SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS
COMPANION CELLS
PHLOEM FIBERS
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA CELLS
Elongated cells that join end to end to form tubes for passage of liquids.
SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS
Found along with sieve tube elements in the phloem. Its main function is to maintain pressure gradient in sieve tube members
COMPANION CELLS
It provides support and these are much elongated, unbranched, and have pointed needle-like apices.
PHLOEM FIBERS
They are called transfer cells and they also function as transport of food.
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA CELLS
Roots that emerge above the ground from the shoot
AERIAL ROOTS (ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS)
Thin branched root that arise from the base of the stem.
FIBROUS ROOTS
Is single-layered, thin-walled, colorless, polygonal without intercellular spaces, with the presence of unicellular root hairs.
EPIBLEMA
Absorbs nutrients inward; from root epidermis into vasculature and stores substances such as starch, resins, and essential oils.
CORTEX
Has barrel-shaped parenchyma without intercellular spaces.
ENDODERMIS
Regulates new root growth and can form new lateral roots.
PERICYCLE
