FINALS LEC Flashcards
The other structural axis for the plant after the roots
STEM
Holds buds which can grow into leaves, flowers, cone branches and etc,.
NODE
Spaces between the node
INTERNODE
Stalk that extends from the stem to the base of the leaf
PETIOLE
Embryonic shoot that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole that gives rise to a branch or flower
AXILLARY BUD
Pith
Storage
Contains plants lateral meristem, produces xylem and phloem and responsible for increasing width
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
Produces tissues of periderm
CORK CAMBIUM
Epidermis, the region outside the cork cambium. It is produced from the cork cambium and it serves as the protection from the environment
PERIDERM
Occurs at the apical tips of the stem by virtue of rapidly dividing meristematic tissue in these regions of the stem
PRIMARY GROWTH
The increase in the thickness of the stem by virtue of lateral meristem
SECONDARY GROWTH
The study of the annual growth of the trees, is the only method of paleo environmental research that produces proxy data of consistently annual resolution.
DENDROCHRONOLOGY
The storage hub of plants, they are derived from the tissues of the stem and grow under the soil. Modified plants.
UNDERGROUND STEM
Types of Underground Stem
RHIZOMES
TUBER
BULB
CORM
A thickened underground stem that has distinct nodes and internodes and scaly leaves at the nodes
RHIZOMES
A horizontal underground stem that becomes enlarged at its growing tips due to the accumulation of stored food, commonly starch.
TUBERS
A short underground stem with fleshy base and leafy scales. The stem is actually reduced to form a disk-like structure.
BULBS
A short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions
CORM
TYPES OF STEM
UNDERGROUND STEM
AERIAL STEM
SUB-AERIAL STEM
This type of stem is found above the ground and perform varied functions. Have characteristics erect or vertical growth.
AERIAL STEM
TYPES OF AERIAL STEM
THORNS
TENDRIL
CLADODE
PHYLLOCLADE
BULBIL
Vegetative buds or floral bud fall on the ground to propagate a new plant
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
FUNCTIONS OF AERIAL STEM
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
CLIMBING
SUPPORT
STORAGE OF FOOD
PROTECTION
PREVENT TRANSPIRATION
These stem modifications appear as hard, woody, and sharp outgrowth that protect the plant
THORNS
These type of stem are slender, twining strands that enable a plant to seek support while climbing on other surfaces
TENDRIL
This type of stem is a green, flattened or cylindrical one that resembles a leaf.
PHYLLOCLADE
A modification of a phylloclade where it contains one or more internode
CLADODE
This kind of modification is in which half of the plant grows above the ground and the rest grows below the ground
SUB-AERIAL STEM
TYPES OF SUB-AERIAL STEM
RUNNER
STOLON
OFFSET
SUCKER
It grows parallel to the ground and has a creeping stem with long internodes
RUNNER
These are shorter and thicker than the runner and are often seen in aquatic plants
OFFSET
It is similar to a runner but arises from the lower part to the main axis
STOLON
Similar to the stolon but it grows obliquely upwards and gives rise to a new plant
SUCKER
Usually the flat photosynthetic part of the blade.
LEAF BLADE (LAMINA)
It is the stalk-like structure that connects the lead blade to the stem
PETIOLE
Small flap-like structures that grows at the base of the petiole
STIPULES
The lamina of the leaf blade is undivided, even if there are small divisions they do not reach the midrib and divide the lamina.
SIMPLE LEAF
The leaf blade is divided from the midrib into two or more parts. Sometimes these divided parts function as separate leaves.
COMPOUND LEAF
Leaves are twice divided; the leaflets are arranged along a secondary vein, which is one several vein branching off the middle vein.
BIPINNATELY COMPOUND LEAF
Has its leaflets radiating outward from the end of the petiole, like fingers off the palm of a hand.
PALMATE
A leaf which is divided into smaller leaflets arranged on each side of the leaf’s central stalk/rachis (axis)
PINNATE
Each leaf arises from a separate node on the stem at different levels
ALTERNATE
Several leaves are present at the same level around the stem.
WHORLED
It is the term used to describe the arrangement of veins in a leaf lamina
LEAF VENATION
In this type of venation, veins form a network.
RETICULATE VENATION
In this type of venation, veins run parallel to each other.
PARALLEL VENATION
Each leaf arises from a separate node on the stem at different levels
ALTERNATE
Each node gives rise to two leaves, one on each side placed oppositely
OPPOSITE
Several leaves are present at the same level around the stem giving it a whorled appearance.
WHORLED
Tells about the pattern of veins and veinlets is the leaf lamina.
LEAF VENATION
Generally present in dicotyledonous plants, in this type of venation, veinlets form a network.
RETICULATE VENATION
Generally a characteristic of monocotyledonous plants, veins run parallel to each other.
PARALLEL VENATION
A compressed shoot bearing floral leaves
FLOWER
Male reproductive system of a flower.
STAMEN
Produces pollen grain which develops stem.
ANTHER
Support to anther
FILAMENT
The female reproductive part of a plant
PISTIL
Sticky pollen receptive part of the pistil
STIGMA
Stalk of the pistil down which the pollen tube grows.
STYLE
Contains ovules and becomes the fruit
OVARY
Becomes the seed when sperm cell fertilize the egg cell
OVULE
Colorful part of a flower used to attract insect and birds
PETAL
Protects the bud of a young flower
SEPAL/CALYX
Reproductive parts of a plant are attached here.
RECEPTACLE
Provides the stem and leaves with water and dissolved minerals from soil
ROOTS
Flowers with one or more whorls of floral leaves missing
INCOMPLETE FLOWER
Has both stamens and carpels, and may described as bisexual.
PERFECT FLOWER
A unisexual flower is one in which either the stamens or the carpels (pistil) are missing.
IMPERFECT FLOWER
Having only functional stamens, thus male.
STAMINATE
Having only functional pistil, thus female.
PISTILLATE
Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant.
MONOECIOUS
Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants.
DIOECIOUS
Flowers with all their flower parts are the same in size and shape.
REGULAR FLOWERS
