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Botany Lec > Midterms > Flashcards

Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

greek word meaning life

A

bios

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2
Q

greek word meaning to study

A

logos

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3
Q

a natural science that deals with the living components of nature

A

biology

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4
Q

the logical process of learning facts through observation and experimentation from which, certain conclusions or theories are drawn

A

scientific method

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5
Q

preliminary conclusions or intelligent assumptions about the problem that are merely based on observation

A

hypotheses

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6
Q

the conclusion derived from actual experiences or experiments formed to explain certain phenomena and the relationships between them

A

theory

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7
Q

a statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and a series of experiments to be true

A

scientific law

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8
Q

a law of nature on which other laws are based; it is established with certainty by inference from adequate factual information

A

scientific principle

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9
Q

all organisms are made up of cells, and these cells come from pre-existing cells

A

cell concept

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10
Q

life comes only from life

A

biogenesis

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11
Q

all living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life

A

evolution/natural selection

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12
Q

organisms contain coded information that dictated their structure, function, and behavior

A

gene concept

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13
Q

the internal environment remains within a normal range

A

homeostasis

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14
Q

study of origin of species

A

evolution

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15
Q

study of fossils/evidences of the past

A

paleontology

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16
Q

study of ancestral history of organism

A

phylogeny

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17
Q

study of interactions and relationships within an ecosystem

A

ecology

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18
Q

study of distribution of living things

A

biogeography

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19
Q

study of variety of living things

A

biodiversity

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20
Q

study of wildlife and forest management

A

forestry

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21
Q

study of fresh water habitats

A

limnology

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22
Q

study of marine water habitats

A

oceanography

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23
Q

study of composition of living things

A

biochemistry

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24
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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25
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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26
Q

study of organs

A

organology

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27
Q

study of dissection of body parts

A

anatomy

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28
Q

study of gross structure

A

morphology

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29
Q

study of functions

A

physiology

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30
Q

study of development of the embryo

A

embryology

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31
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

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32
Q

study of development history of an individual

A

ontogeny

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33
Q

study of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases

A

medicine

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34
Q

study of moral values, rights and duties in medicine

A

bioethics

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35
Q

study of diseases

A

pathology

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36
Q

study of parasites

A

parasitology

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37
Q

study of skin diseases

A

dermatology

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38
Q

study of cancer

A

oncology

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39
Q

study of disorders of urinary and male reproductive organs

A

urology

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40
Q

study of disorders of female reproductive organs

A

gynecology

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41
Q

study of treatment of diseases, deformities, and injuries through operations

A

surgery

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42
Q

study of use of anesthetic substance

A

anesthesiology

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43
Q

study of mental disorders

A

psychiatry

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44
Q

study of diseases of children

A

pediatrics

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45
Q

study of diseases of seniors citizens

A

geriatrics

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46
Q

study of classification and phylogeny

A

systematics

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47
Q

study of classification

A

taxonomy

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48
Q

study of naming/assigning of scientific name

A

nomenclature

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49
Q

study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

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50
Q

study of viruses

A

virology

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51
Q

study of protozoans

A

protozoology

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52
Q

study of algae

A

phycology

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53
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

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54
Q

study of mosses

A

bryology

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55
Q

study of worms

A

helminthology

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56
Q

study of crustaceans

A

carcinology

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57
Q

study of shells

A

conchology

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58
Q

study of mollusks

A

malacology

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59
Q

study of insects

A

entomology

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60
Q

study of fishes

A

ichthyology

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61
Q

study of reptiles and amphibians

A

herpetology

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62
Q

study of birds

A

ornithology

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63
Q

life is believed to have been originated from protoplasm in the form of a resistant spore coming from outer planets propelled by radiation pressure

A

panspermia/cosmozoic/interplanetary theory

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64
Q

life is a product or creation by supreme beings or deities; life is believed to have been created by the Almighty God

A

creationism/divine creation theory

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65
Q

organisms suddenly emerged from rotting meat and other decomposable items

A

spontaneous generation

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66
Q

life came from non-living things or matter

A

abiogenesis

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67
Q

organic molecules could be formed from non-living materials in the presence of an external energy source, such as UV radiation; life came from non-living things through multiple evolutionary processes

A

miller-urey experiment

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68
Q

the blueprints of life

A

DNA

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69
Q

the combination of all chemical processes that build or break down materials in an organism

A

metabolism

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70
Q

the changing of matter from an outer environment and transforming that matter as part of the cells so that the organism can benefit from the energy being produced by metabolism

A

assimilation

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71
Q

metabolism that build up

A

anabolism

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72
Q

metabolism that break down

A

catabolism

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73
Q

making new organisms of the same species

A

reproduction

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74
Q

reproduction where only one parent is involved and the cells produced are essentially identical

A

asexual reproduction

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75
Q

reproduction where two parents join to produce a new organism

A

sexual reproduction

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76
Q

during this process, an organism becomes less efficient at the process of life

A

aging

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77
Q

the ability of living things to react to stimuli

A

irritability

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78
Q

anything in the environment that causes an organism to react

A

stimulus

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79
Q

modifications or changes occurring not only to individuals but to all members of a population to promote the likelihood of survival

A

adaptation

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80
Q

exchanging gases with the environment

A

respiration

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81
Q

the current living oldest plant estimated to be 5,000 years old

A

great basin bristlecone pine/pinus longaeva

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82
Q

can grow up to approximately 100 meters talll; taller than london’s big ben and the statue of liberty

A

sequoia sempervirens/redwoods

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83
Q

parasitic plant that gets its nutrient from its host

A

corpse flower/rafflesia

84
Q

dubbed the tallest inflorescence in the world

A

titan arum/amorphophallus titanum

85
Q

greek word meaning botanical

A

botanikos/botanique

86
Q

greek word meaning to feed

A

boskein

87
Q

father of botany; he noted that plants could be classified based from their habit, growth, and number of cotyledon

A

theophrastus

88
Q

the father of modern botany and taxonomy

A

carl linnaeus

89
Q

founder of phytogeography; he came up with an idea to explain restricted plant distributions

A

carl wildenow

90
Q

a multicellular organism capable of making its own food by photosynthesis

A

plant

91
Q

the increase in cell number and cell size of an organism

A

growth

92
Q

the changes in an organism from its immature to mature life stages

A

development

93
Q

a group of individual organisms that are similar since they descended from a common ancestor

A

specied

94
Q

the ability of the substance to change into another new substance as a result of chemical change

A

chemical properties

95
Q

formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms

A

ionic bond

96
Q

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

covalent bond

97
Q

the most abundant component of the cell; universal solvent

A

water

98
Q

small molecules lacking hydrocarbon

A

inorganic compounds

99
Q

molecules that release hydrogen ions when added to a solution

A

acids

100
Q

molecules that release hydroxide ions into solution

A

bases

101
Q

used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution

A

pH scale

102
Q

formed from the neutralization of an acid and a base

A

salts

103
Q

a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration; examples are bicarbonate and phosphates

A

buffer

104
Q

needed for biological oxidation of food to release energy

A

oxygen

105
Q

a waste product of oxidation produced during cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide

106
Q

carbon-containing compounds; molecules of life

A

organic compounds

107
Q

a unique element due to its remarkable ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable

A

carbon

108
Q

the building blocks of carbohydrates; simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

109
Q

fatty acids that have one or more double bonds that occur along the fatty acid chains; considered healthier than saturated fats

A

unsaturated fats

110
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

111
Q

substances used to catalyze chemical reactions within the cell

A

enzymes

112
Q

form constituent groups of nucleotides; include ribose and deoxyribose

A

pentoses

113
Q

double sugars; formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis and can be broken down by hydrolysis

A

disaccharides

114
Q

polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers

A

polysaccharides

115
Q

emergency sugar; reserve food in animals found mostly in liver and muscle

A

glycogen

116
Q

found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates

A

chitin

117
Q

major component of the cell wall of plant

A

cellulose

118
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

119
Q

storage of energy

A

triglycerides

120
Q

critically important in membrane structure

A

phospholipids

121
Q

cell-to-cell adhesion and communication

A

glycolipids

122
Q

derived from a four-membered ring compound known ad penanthrene which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids

A

steroids

123
Q

the precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

124
Q

components of vitamin a, carotenoid pigments, and electron carriers like coenzyme Q and plastoquinone

A

terpenes

125
Q

proper sequence/order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide

A

primary structure

126
Q

formed by the coiling or folding of primary structures

A

secondary structure

127
Q

formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

128
Q

formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form a multimeric protein

A

quartenary structure

129
Q

strandlike, filamentous structural proteins; examples are collagen and keratin

A

fibrous proteins

130
Q

proteins in combination with a color group

A

chromoproteins

131
Q

proteins in combination with carbohydrate

A

glycoproteins

132
Q

combination of simple proteins known as histones and nucleic acids

A

nucleoproteins

133
Q

proteins in combination with lipids

A

lipoproteins

134
Q

proteins in combination with phosphoric acid

A

phosphoprotein

135
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

136
Q

repository of genetic information

A

DNA

137
Q

expression of genetic information during protein synthesis

A

RNA

138
Q

transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides

A

messenger RNA/mRNA

139
Q

possesses anticodon that recognized a specific codon in a mRNA

A

transfer RNA/tRNA

140
Q

used in the synthesis of ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA/rRNA

141
Q

modified nucleotide with adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups; provides form of chemical energy usable by all body cells

A

adenosine triphosphate/ATP

142
Q

electron carriers during electron transport

A

nucleotide coenzymes

143
Q

called when the DNA is not found in linear units; appears like beads-on-a-string through an electron microscope

A

chromatin

144
Q

the governor of the cell

A

nucleus

145
Q

has no ribosomes attached

A

smooth ER

146
Q

the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

147
Q

the site for cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

148
Q

a firm structure formed when cellulose molecules crystalize

A

microfibril

149
Q

stacks of flattened thylakoid vesicles

A

grana

150
Q

reported that thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that he named cells

A

robert hooke

151
Q

discovered the microscope and free cells with nucleus (red blood cell)

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

152
Q

discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)

A

dujardin

153
Q

stated that any living body must have its parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue

A

jean baptiste de lamarck

154
Q

described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells; discovered movement of microscopic particles

A

robert brown

155
Q

cells were the unit of structure in animals

A

theodor schwann

156
Q

concluded that cells come only from other cells

A

rudolf virchow

157
Q

cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis

A

alexander flemming

158
Q

gatekeeper of the cell

A

plasma membrane

159
Q

thick semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

160
Q

highly organized structures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities

A

organelles

161
Q

extend across the phospholipids bilayer among the fatty acid tails

A

intrinsic/integral proteins

162
Q

loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it

A

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

163
Q

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope/membrane

164
Q

nucleus inside a nucleus; disperse and disappear during cell division; sites of assembly of ribosomes

A

nucleoli

165
Q

the inner mitochondrion membrane is arranged in a series of folds called ___

A

cristae

166
Q

the central cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae

A

matrix

167
Q

manufacture proteins for domestic use

A

free ribosomes

168
Q

manufacture proteins for export use

A

attached ribosomes

169
Q

studded with ribosomes

A

rough ER

170
Q

processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles

A

golgi complex

171
Q

act as waste disposal units, digesting and removing foreign material brought into the cell from outside or removing cellular organelles which are not needed

A

lysosomes

172
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

173
Q

lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own structures

A

autophagy

174
Q

lysosomes act as suicide bags during apoptosis

A

autolysis

175
Q

lysosomal enzyme digest bacteria and other substances that enter the cell in phagocytic vesicles during phagocytosis

A

intracellular digestion

176
Q

lysosomal enzymes released at sites of injury help digest cellular debris

A

extracellular digestion

177
Q

another group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller

A

peroxisomes

178
Q

enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide

A

oxidase

179
Q

enzymes that degrades hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

180
Q

responsible for movement of whole cells, such as phagocytes, and for movement of organelles and chemical within the cell

A

cytoskeleton

181
Q

hollow, cylindrical structures about 25 nm in diameter assembled from the protein called tubulin; function like a conveyor belt to move various substances and organelles thru the cytosol

A

microtubules

182
Q

composed of ropelike protein strands which are 8-12 nm in diameter

A

intermediate filaments

183
Q

twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein subunits; 8nm in diameter; play a key role in almost all types of contractility and motility

A

microfilaments

184
Q

slender extensions of the plasma membrane

A

flagella and cilia

185
Q

a dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus

A

centrosome

186
Q

serve as centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cells and the mitotic spindle during the cell division

A

centrioles

187
Q

fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a single membrane

A

vacuoles

188
Q

does not require the cell to expend any energy and involved a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane

A

passive transport

189
Q

a region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes and substances will naturally move down their gradients

A

concentration gradient

190
Q

integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules that are too large to pass through membrane channels

A

carriers

191
Q

transmembrane proteins that transport substances through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other

A

channels

192
Q

always open and simply allow ions or water to move according to concentration gradients

A

leakage channels

193
Q

controlled by chemical or electrical signals

A

gated channels

194
Q

diffusion that is helped along a membrane transport channel

A

facilitated diffusion

195
Q

the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

196
Q

the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

A

tonicity

197
Q

more dilute than cells; lower solute in solution than in cell; water moves into the cell; plant cells are turgid

A

hypotonic solution

198
Q

have the same concentration of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells; plant cells are flaccid

A

isotonic solution

199
Q

have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell; water moves out of the cell and shrinks; plant cells are plasmolyzed

A

hypertonic solution

200
Q

requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances; move solutes uphill against a concentrations gradient

A

active transport

201
Q

growth from within

A

intussusception

202
Q

growth from outer layer

A

apposition

203
Q

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

A

element

204
Q

a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ration

A

compound

205
Q

those required by an organism in minute quantities

A

trace elements

206
Q

chemical substance found within a living organism; very large molecules that are covalently bonded together

A

biomolecules

Botany Lec (6 decks)

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