Midterms Flashcards
greek word meaning life
bios
greek word meaning to study
logos
a natural science that deals with the living components of nature
biology
the logical process of learning facts through observation and experimentation from which, certain conclusions or theories are drawn
scientific method
preliminary conclusions or intelligent assumptions about the problem that are merely based on observation
hypotheses
the conclusion derived from actual experiences or experiments formed to explain certain phenomena and the relationships between them
theory
a statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and a series of experiments to be true
scientific law
a law of nature on which other laws are based; it is established with certainty by inference from adequate factual information
scientific principle
all organisms are made up of cells, and these cells come from pre-existing cells
cell concept
life comes only from life
biogenesis
all living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life
evolution/natural selection
organisms contain coded information that dictated their structure, function, and behavior
gene concept
the internal environment remains within a normal range
homeostasis
study of origin of species
evolution
study of fossils/evidences of the past
paleontology
study of ancestral history of organism
phylogeny
study of interactions and relationships within an ecosystem
ecology
study of distribution of living things
biogeography
study of variety of living things
biodiversity
study of wildlife and forest management
forestry
study of fresh water habitats
limnology
study of marine water habitats
oceanography
study of composition of living things
biochemistry
study of cells
cytology
study of tissues
histology
study of organs
organology
study of dissection of body parts
anatomy
study of gross structure
morphology
study of functions
physiology
study of development of the embryo
embryology
study of heredity
genetics
study of development history of an individual
ontogeny
study of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases
medicine
study of moral values, rights and duties in medicine
bioethics
study of diseases
pathology
study of parasites
parasitology
study of skin diseases
dermatology
study of cancer
oncology
study of disorders of urinary and male reproductive organs
urology
study of disorders of female reproductive organs
gynecology
study of treatment of diseases, deformities, and injuries through operations
surgery
study of use of anesthetic substance
anesthesiology
study of mental disorders
psychiatry
study of diseases of children
pediatrics
study of diseases of seniors citizens
geriatrics
study of classification and phylogeny
systematics
study of classification
taxonomy
study of naming/assigning of scientific name
nomenclature
study of bacteria
bacteriology
study of viruses
virology
study of protozoans
protozoology
study of algae
phycology
study of fungi
mycology
study of mosses
bryology
study of worms
helminthology
study of crustaceans
carcinology
study of shells
conchology
study of mollusks
malacology
study of insects
entomology
study of fishes
ichthyology
study of reptiles and amphibians
herpetology
study of birds
ornithology
life is believed to have been originated from protoplasm in the form of a resistant spore coming from outer planets propelled by radiation pressure
panspermia/cosmozoic/interplanetary theory
life is a product or creation by supreme beings or deities; life is believed to have been created by the Almighty God
creationism/divine creation theory
organisms suddenly emerged from rotting meat and other decomposable items
spontaneous generation
life came from non-living things or matter
abiogenesis
organic molecules could be formed from non-living materials in the presence of an external energy source, such as UV radiation; life came from non-living things through multiple evolutionary processes
miller-urey experiment
the blueprints of life
DNA
the combination of all chemical processes that build or break down materials in an organism
metabolism
the changing of matter from an outer environment and transforming that matter as part of the cells so that the organism can benefit from the energy being produced by metabolism
assimilation
metabolism that build up
anabolism
metabolism that break down
catabolism
making new organisms of the same species
reproduction
reproduction where only one parent is involved and the cells produced are essentially identical
asexual reproduction
reproduction where two parents join to produce a new organism
sexual reproduction
during this process, an organism becomes less efficient at the process of life
aging
the ability of living things to react to stimuli
irritability
anything in the environment that causes an organism to react
stimulus
modifications or changes occurring not only to individuals but to all members of a population to promote the likelihood of survival
adaptation
exchanging gases with the environment
respiration
the current living oldest plant estimated to be 5,000 years old
great basin bristlecone pine/pinus longaeva
can grow up to approximately 100 meters talll; taller than london’s big ben and the statue of liberty
sequoia sempervirens/redwoods
parasitic plant that gets its nutrient from its host
corpse flower/rafflesia
dubbed the tallest inflorescence in the world
titan arum/amorphophallus titanum
greek word meaning botanical
botanikos/botanique
greek word meaning to feed
boskein
father of botany; he noted that plants could be classified based from their habit, growth, and number of cotyledon
theophrastus
the father of modern botany and taxonomy
carl linnaeus
founder of phytogeography; he came up with an idea to explain restricted plant distributions
carl wildenow
a multicellular organism capable of making its own food by photosynthesis
plant
the increase in cell number and cell size of an organism
growth
the changes in an organism from its immature to mature life stages
development
a group of individual organisms that are similar since they descended from a common ancestor
specied
the ability of the substance to change into another new substance as a result of chemical change
chemical properties
formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms
ionic bond
the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
covalent bond
the most abundant component of the cell; universal solvent
water
small molecules lacking hydrocarbon
inorganic compounds
molecules that release hydrogen ions when added to a solution
acids
molecules that release hydroxide ions into solution
bases
used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution
pH scale
formed from the neutralization of an acid and a base
salts
a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration; examples are bicarbonate and phosphates
buffer
needed for biological oxidation of food to release energy
oxygen
a waste product of oxidation produced during cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
carbon-containing compounds; molecules of life
organic compounds
a unique element due to its remarkable ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable
carbon
the building blocks of carbohydrates; simple sugars
monosaccharides
fatty acids that have one or more double bonds that occur along the fatty acid chains; considered healthier than saturated fats
unsaturated fats
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
substances used to catalyze chemical reactions within the cell
enzymes
form constituent groups of nucleotides; include ribose and deoxyribose
pentoses
double sugars; formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis and can be broken down by hydrolysis
disaccharides
polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers
polysaccharides
emergency sugar; reserve food in animals found mostly in liver and muscle
glycogen
found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates
chitin
major component of the cell wall of plant
cellulose
building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
storage of energy
triglycerides
critically important in membrane structure
phospholipids
cell-to-cell adhesion and communication
glycolipids
derived from a four-membered ring compound known ad penanthrene which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids
steroids
the precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones
cholesterol
components of vitamin a, carotenoid pigments, and electron carriers like coenzyme Q and plastoquinone
terpenes
proper sequence/order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide
primary structure
formed by the coiling or folding of primary structures
secondary structure
formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form a multimeric protein
quartenary structure
strandlike, filamentous structural proteins; examples are collagen and keratin
fibrous proteins
proteins in combination with a color group
chromoproteins
proteins in combination with carbohydrate
glycoproteins
combination of simple proteins known as histones and nucleic acids
nucleoproteins
proteins in combination with lipids
lipoproteins
proteins in combination with phosphoric acid
phosphoprotein
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
repository of genetic information
DNA
expression of genetic information during protein synthesis
RNA
transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides
messenger RNA/mRNA
possesses anticodon that recognized a specific codon in a mRNA
transfer RNA/tRNA
used in the synthesis of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA/rRNA
modified nucleotide with adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups; provides form of chemical energy usable by all body cells
adenosine triphosphate/ATP
electron carriers during electron transport
nucleotide coenzymes
called when the DNA is not found in linear units; appears like beads-on-a-string through an electron microscope
chromatin
the governor of the cell
nucleus
has no ribosomes attached
smooth ER
the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the site for cellular respiration
mitochondrion
a firm structure formed when cellulose molecules crystalize
microfibril
stacks of flattened thylakoid vesicles
grana
reported that thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that he named cells
robert hooke
discovered the microscope and free cells with nucleus (red blood cell)
anton van leeuwenhoek
discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)
dujardin
stated that any living body must have its parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue
jean baptiste de lamarck
described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells; discovered movement of microscopic particles
robert brown
cells were the unit of structure in animals
theodor schwann
concluded that cells come only from other cells
rudolf virchow
cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis
alexander flemming
gatekeeper of the cell
plasma membrane
thick semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
highly organized structures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities
organelles
extend across the phospholipids bilayer among the fatty acid tails
intrinsic/integral proteins
loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it
extrinsic/peripheral proteins
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope/membrane
nucleus inside a nucleus; disperse and disappear during cell division; sites of assembly of ribosomes
nucleoli
the inner mitochondrion membrane is arranged in a series of folds called ___
cristae
the central cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae
matrix
manufacture proteins for domestic use
free ribosomes
manufacture proteins for export use
attached ribosomes
studded with ribosomes
rough ER
processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
golgi complex
act as waste disposal units, digesting and removing foreign material brought into the cell from outside or removing cellular organelles which are not needed
lysosomes
programmed cell death
apoptosis
lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own structures
autophagy
lysosomes act as suicide bags during apoptosis
autolysis
lysosomal enzyme digest bacteria and other substances that enter the cell in phagocytic vesicles during phagocytosis
intracellular digestion
lysosomal enzymes released at sites of injury help digest cellular debris
extracellular digestion
another group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller
peroxisomes
enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
enzymes that degrades hydrogen peroxide
catalase
responsible for movement of whole cells, such as phagocytes, and for movement of organelles and chemical within the cell
cytoskeleton
hollow, cylindrical structures about 25 nm in diameter assembled from the protein called tubulin; function like a conveyor belt to move various substances and organelles thru the cytosol
microtubules
composed of ropelike protein strands which are 8-12 nm in diameter
intermediate filaments
twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein subunits; 8nm in diameter; play a key role in almost all types of contractility and motility
microfilaments
slender extensions of the plasma membrane
flagella and cilia
a dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus
centrosome
serve as centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cells and the mitotic spindle during the cell division
centrioles
fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a single membrane
vacuoles
does not require the cell to expend any energy and involved a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane
passive transport
a region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes and substances will naturally move down their gradients
concentration gradient
integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules that are too large to pass through membrane channels
carriers
transmembrane proteins that transport substances through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other
channels
always open and simply allow ions or water to move according to concentration gradients
leakage channels
controlled by chemical or electrical signals
gated channels
diffusion that is helped along a membrane transport channel
facilitated diffusion
the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
osmosis
the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume
tonicity
more dilute than cells; lower solute in solution than in cell; water moves into the cell; plant cells are turgid
hypotonic solution
have the same concentration of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells; plant cells are flaccid
isotonic solution
have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell; water moves out of the cell and shrinks; plant cells are plasmolyzed
hypertonic solution
requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances; move solutes uphill against a concentrations gradient
active transport
growth from within
intussusception
growth from outer layer
apposition
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
element
a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ration
compound
those required by an organism in minute quantities
trace elements
chemical substance found within a living organism; very large molecules that are covalently bonded together
biomolecules
