Finals Flashcards
consist of 3 groups: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses; lack vascular tissue; no true roots, stems, and leaves; dominant independent: photosynthetic gametophyte; dependent sporophyte
non-vascular plants
include the ferns; dominant photosynthetic sporophyte; independent gametophyte
seedless vascular plants
include the gymnosperms; dominant photosynthetic sporophyte; dependent gametophyte
seed vascular plants
cone-bearing plants
gymnosperms
fruit-bearing or flowering plants; divided into dicot and monocot
angiosperms
refers to increase in height
primary growth
refers to increase in diameter and formation of woody structure
secondary growth
embryonic or growth tissue; composed of small actively dividing cells; have thin walls and large nuclei; lack vacuoles and intercellular spaces
meristematic tissues
located at the tips of roots and stems; responsible for establishing patterns and producing new, genetically healthy cells
terminal/apical meristems
portions of apical meristems separated from the apex during development; lie below the node and at the base of stem of grasses; disappear when transformed into permanent tissue
intercalary meristems
composed of initial cells that divided chiefly in one plane; increase the diameter of the organ
lateral meristems
forms the dermal tissues; irreplaceable
protoderm
forms the vascular tissues
procambium
forms the ground tissues
ground meristem
cover the body of plant; responsible for absorption of water and minerals, secretion of cuticle, protection against herbivores, control gas exchange; have few intercellular spaces
dermal tissues
composed of fatty material, water-proof cutin; covered by epicuticular wax; outer covering of leaves; protects the plant for desiccation and microbes
cuticle
responsible for gas exchange and cellular recognition
epidermal cells
unicellular or multicellular outgrowths from the epidermal cells; responsible for nutrition and absorption and protection from herbivores and humans
trichomes
form the bulk of the softer parts of plants; include the pith and cortex of stem, leaf tissues, and major portion of fruits; responsible for storage, basic metabolism and support
fundamental ground tissues
most common and most abundant plant tissue; occur in all organs of higher plants; have long-lived protoplast, large vacuoles, and thin walls
parenchyma
contains chloroplast for photosynthesis
chlorenchyma
parenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces to improve gas exchange and provide maximum support; found in spongy layer of the leaf
aerenchyma
parenchyma specialized for short-distance transport of solutes; occur in areas of high solute transport along the conducting cells of xylem and phloem
transfer cells
composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened stretchable cell walls; support the growing regions of the shoot
collenchyma
composed of rigid cells with thick unstretchable cell walls; occur in all mature parts of plants, usually dead at maturity
sclerenchyma
relatively short cells with variable shapes; usually occur in singly or in small groups
sclereids
long, slender cells with sufficient tensile strength; occur in strands or in bundles
fibers
specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved solutes
vascular tissues
principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants; transports dissolved organic materials in all directions throughout the plant
phloem
have primary cell wall that are not highly modified; could be protophloem or metaphloem
primary phloem
constitutes the inner layer of bark
secondary phloem
sieve elements; lack nucleus and alive at maturity
conducting cells in phloem
more primitive than sieve tube members; long and have tapered, overlapping ends
sieve cells
more evolutionary advanced; shorter and wider; arranged from end-to-end; have larger sieve areas; associated with at least one companion cell
sieve tube members
principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants; transports water upward from the roots up to the leaves
xylem
have secondary cell wall that are highly modified; could be protoxylem or metaxylem
primary xylem
commonly called wood; cells are more abundant and in different frequencies
secondary xylem
elongated, dead cells with thick, lignified cell wall
conducting cells in xylem
the most primitive and least specialized; long slender cells with tapered, overlapping ends; have fiber-tracheids for support; the only water conducting cells in gymnosperms
tracheids
more evolutionary advanced than tracheids; shorter and wider; arranged end-to-end; found in angiosperms
vessel elements
