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MICRO > Midterm2- General protistology > Flashcards

Midterm2- General protistology Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology and movement

What are the 3 themes?

A
  1. Protists are both organisms and individual cells, they solve their problems through structure and behavior 2. Protist biology breaks textbook rules 3. Importance of protists in ecosystems/human health
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2
Q

Morphology and movement

Morphological types of protists

4

A

Flagalletes/ciliates/ameoba/cocci

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3
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the difference between EUKARYOTIC flagella and cilia?

A

They are the exact same thing (not in bacteria tho)

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4
Q

Morphology and movement

Definition: Flagalletes

A

Protists with 1 or more Flagella

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5
Q

Morphology and movement

Definiton: Ciliates

A

Protists with MANY short flagella

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6
Q

Morphology and movement

Definition: Amoebas

A

Protists with variable, dynamic cell shapes due to temporary cell protrusions “psudopods”

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7
Q

Morphology and movement

Definition: Cocci

A

Protists with no Flagella and a fixed spherical or ellipsoidal cell shape

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8
Q

Morphology and movement

What does the cytoskelaton do?

4 things

A

Gives structure/shape to the cell, supports flagella/psudopodia, intracellular trafficking and mitotic spindle/cell division

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9
Q

Morphology and movement

What component of the cytoskelaton is involved in MiTOtic spindle?

A

Microtubules

MTOC

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10
Q

Morphology and movement

What component of the cytoskelaton is involved in cell division

A

Microfillaments- contractile ring

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11
Q

Morphology and movement

Microtubules features

A

Monomers- Alpha and Beta tubulin –> protofilament –> microtubules (13 pfs) POLAR = negative and positive (beta) end

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12
Q

Morphology and movement

Microfillaments features

A

Actin –> Microfilaments, 1 type makes tightly bound rope, polar

not hollow

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13
Q

Morphology and movement

What cytoskelaton component is most common in Ameobas?

A

Microfillaments

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14
Q

Morphology and movement

What cytoskelaton component is most common in Flagalletes?

A

Microtubules (9 + 2)

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15
Q

Morphology and movement

What is an Axoneme? What is its arrangement

A

The microtubular structure inside flagellum, 9 + 2

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16
Q

Morphology and movement

What does 9 + 2 mean

A

9 pairs of Mts on the outside and 2 Mts on the inside, 1 complete pair (13 pt) and 1 incomplete (11)

Arrangement of Mts inside flagella (axenome)

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17
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the Basal body/Kinetosome and what is its arrangement?

A

Microtubular structure at the BASE of the flagella, 9 + 0 type

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18
Q

Morphology and movement

What is 9 + 0

A

9 triplets with nothing in the centre, 1 complete 2 not

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19
Q

Morphology and movement

Cortical microtubular structures

(Flagellar roots)

A

Anchored to more Mts and other structures

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20
Q

Morphology and movement

3 components of flagella

A

Axenome, basal body, cortical microtubular structures/flagellar roots

9 + 2, 9 + 0

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21
Q

Morphology and movement

Opisthokonts

Flagella

A

RARE single flagella to generate propulsion

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22
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the MTOC

A

Microtubule Organizing Centres: MTs emerge, assemble and are regulated here

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23
Q

Morphology and movement

What is a Karyomastigont?

A

Flagella close to nucleus, Mitotic spindle (Mt) interacts with nucleus, basal body/MTOC arranges spindles

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24
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the main function of Mastigonemes?

Stremenopiles have 1

A

To reverse the water flow, flagella then pull instead of push

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25
Q

Morphology and movement

What is Cirri

Used in Euplotes

A

Bundles of cilia that are used like legs to walk on a substrate, have a specific gait

Used in Euplotes

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26
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the undulating membrane?

trypnanosoma brucei in blood

A

Best for swimming in viscous fluids, moves like a sail/flag

Trypanosoma Brucei in blood

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27
Q

Morphology and movement

What is phototaxis and who uses it?

A

Moving towards the light, euglena has specific organelle

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28
Q

Morphology and movement

Kirbyana

Excavata; parabasalia

A

Have intracellular axenomes

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29
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the difference between Mts and Mfs

A

Mfs are thinner and not hollow, both have polarity. Mfs are best for contractillity and cell movement

(constriction ring during cell division)

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30
Q

Morphology and movement

Lobopodia

Types of psudopods

A

Broad tube like psudopodia - supported by actin (Mfs)

31
Q

Morphology and movement

Filipodia

Types of psudopods

A

Very thin protrusions supported by actin (Mfs)

32
Q

Morphology and movement

Reticulopodia

Types of psudopods

A

Fused psudopodia that form elaborate networks supported by tubulin (Mts)

33
Q

Morphology and movement

Axopodia

Types of psudopods

A

Straight, long and on bending psudeopodia supported by tubulin (Mts)

34
Q

Morphology and movement

What are key features of actin/microfilaments?

A

Contractility and polymerization

35
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the endoplasm?

Amoeboid locomotion

A

Contains oragnelles, liquid & moves results in extensions of psudopods and uroid

INNER

36
Q

Morphology and movement

What is ectoplasm?

Ameoboid locomotion

A

Gel like and rigid

OUTER

37
Q

Morphology and movement

What 2 forces causes the flow of cytoplasm in ameobas?

Ameoboid locomotion

A

Polarity: In endoplasm mfs are aligned in a BUNDLE Contractility: In ectoplasm mfs arranged in a MESH that sqeeze cytoplasm from one end to another

bundle/mesh

38
Q

Morphology and movement

What 2 groups do not have flagella?

A

True fungi and Red algae

38
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Endo/Exo skelaton definition

A

Endo: Inside or below the plasma membrane Exo: Outside the plasma membrane (sometimes called wall)

38
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Cyto/Skelaton definitions

A

Cytoskelaton: precise term, conserved feature of ALL eukaryotes (mfs and mts) specific roles Skelaton: Everything that is NOT a cytoskelaton that supports cell, more vague and variable

38
Q

Morphology and movement

What is the most likely form of the LCA?

A

Flagallete- most dominant form across the tree and only 2 groups have lost this feature

Red algae, fungi

38
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Organic skelaton

Composition based classification

A

Made up of organic molecules- proteins/polysaccharides synthesized by the cell

39
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Calcareous Skelaton

Composition based classification

A

Made up of CaCO3

Calcium carbonate

39
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Siliceous Skelaton

Composition based classification

A

Made up of mostly SiO2

Silica

39
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Aggluntinated Skelaton

Composition based classification

A

Made up of foreign particles collected from the environment

40
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What is the plant cell wall

A

An organic (made up of cellulose) exo (outside plasma membrane) skelaton

41
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Microsporidia

Cysts and spores

A

Have a thick multilayer wall rich in CHITIN used to survive environmental stresses

Most examples are parasitic- live partly in environment/ partly in host

42
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Resting environmental stages

Cysts and spores

A

Ciliates use complex resting environmental stages with organic walls in harsh conditions

43
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skleaton do Dinoflagalletes have?

A

Organic ENDO- cellulose plates assemble in alveoli under plasma membrane

Theca

44
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skelaton do Diatoms have?

A

Siliceous EXO- 2 overlapping valves outside the membrane

Frustrule

45
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skelaton do Coccolithophorids have?

Haptophytes

A

Calcareous EXO- Extracellular CaCo3 plates/scales

Coccoliths

46
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skelaton do Foraminferans have?

A

Calcareous EXO with reticulopodia, planktonic and large

47
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skelaton do radiolarians have?

A

Siliceous EXO- Common in water column

48
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Name 3 marine sediments caused by skelatons?

A

Pink beach in Japan: Red formineferans Star sand: foraminferans White Cliffs of Dover: Coccolithophorid

49
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

How do these groups float?

Skelatons cytoplasm and organelles make them sink

A

HUGE Vacuoles: pumps out salt to make solution less dense than seawater

Cant do this in freshwater

50
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Why are radiolarians poorly studied??

2 reasons

A
  1. More common in open ocean 2. Hard to grow in a lab
51
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Where do Acantharians live in the ocean?

Radiolarians

A

Near the surface, have photosyntetic algae living inside so need sunlight

52
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharian spines

Radiolarians

A

10 pairs made up of Stronsium sulphate (SrSO4)

53
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

What type of skelaton does Acantharians have?

Radiolarians

A

ENDO- stronsium sulphate dissolves in sea water organic EXO- cortex above membrane

54
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharian axopodia

Radiolarians

Mts or Mfs?

A

Supported by MTs, each has an MTOC, expands and contracts

55
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharians plasma membrane

Radiolarians

A

Surrounds cytoskelaton and skelaton

Endo skelaton

56
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharians periplasmic cortex and central capsule

Radiolarians

Endo or exo?

A

Organic (cellulose) exoskelaton with holes for spines/axopods to go through Central cortex is same but on inner side

Exo

57
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharians Endoplasm

Radiolarians

A

Multiple nuclei found here, symboitic algae, other organelles

58
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharians Ectoplasm

Radiolarians

A

Vacuoles are found here- where FEEDING happens, also threads and protrusions that expand and contract

feeding/movement

59
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Describe Acantharians Myonemes

Radiolarians

Mts or Mfs?

A

Contractile- made up of actin/Mfs, can raise plates over eachother

Purpose is to change volume/density or help food reach ectoplasm

60
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

How do Acantharians capture prey?

Radiolarians

A

Axopodia (Mts) are sticky and retract to move prey, hits cortex then ectoplasm

Kinteocysts (inside axopodia) make them sticky and help capture prey

61
Q

Skelatons and Buoyancy

Are radiolarians a monophyletic group?

Acantharians and Polycistenes

A

Most likely, polycistenes still have a small crystal of SrSO4

vestigual organ = sign of evolution

62
Q

Protist morphology and movement

How did we know Parabasalians form a group before sequencing?

A

They all share a unique feature “Parabasal body”

63
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What can we say about relatedness and morphology?

A

Big flashy external features are generally adaptive and don’t always say much about relatedness ex. Flagella/amoeba/cilia

Convergent evolution

64
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What is the Parabasal body?

Parabasalians

Mf or mt?

A

Corresponds to Golgi, supported by thick cytoskelatal fibre (not mf or nt)

65
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What is the flagellar structure of Trichanomas?

Parabasalian

3 points

A

4 flagella with 4 basal bodies, Parabasal fibres connect to Parabasal body, fourth flagella is sideways and forms undulating membrane- supported by COSTA

66
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What is the Axostyle and Pelta

Trichanomas- Parabasalian

Mts or Mf

A

Forms a hood- made up of MTs

Entirely unique structure but made up of familiar components

67
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What is the Karyomastignont?

Parabaslia

A

Nucleus, flagella, MTOC and other associated features (axostyle and pelta) are physically close to eachother

Replication happens in coordination

68
Q

Protist morphology and movement

What is Deltotrichonympha?

Parabasalian

A

Has 1 nucleus and thousands of flagella, when it replicates it sheds all but 4 flagella. This is a derived feature of ancestor

MICRO (8 decks)

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