Midterm2- Diversity Flashcards
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What are 3 broad patterns to pay attention to in the tree of eukaryotes?
How many times did multicellularity evolve in eukaryotes?
How many unrelated photosynthetic groups are there?
How common is the anerobic lifestyle?
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is the definition of Algae?
ALL photosynthetic eukaryotes that are NOT plants
Diveristy of eukaryotes
3 Archaeplastid groups
ALL photosynthetic- First to have plastids
Glaucophytes, Rhydophytes and Green algae
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Unique features Glaucophytes
3 points
Archaeplastids
Have Muroplasts/cyanelles with peptidoglycan, low abundance, freshwater
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Name the 7 supergroups
Alveolates, Rhizarians, Opisthokonts, Stramenopiles, Excavata, Archaeplastids, Ameobozoans
Al RHode to OPPenheimer STreet to EXecute ARCHnemesis Amy
Why are glaucophytes historically important?
Primary plastids still have peptidoglycan, helped us determine origin of plastids
Muroplasts/cyanelles
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Rhodophytes
3 points
Archaeplastids
multi or unicellular, economically important (nori/agar), forms ecosystems
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Green Algae/ Chlorophytes
Archaeplastids
MULTIPLE independant events of multicelularity, includes plants, not all photosynthetic
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Prasinophytes
Archaeplastids
Photosynthetic and eats bacteria, very common and abundant
Lesser known group, ecologically important
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Trebouxiophyceae
Archaeplastids
Important in symbiosis (parameceium and lichen)
Lesser known group, ecologically important
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Name 2 groups that do not rely solely on photosynthesis
Archaeplastids
Helicosporidium- parasite of arthopods Cladogonium- parasite of shrimp AND photosynthetic
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Lobose amoeba
Ameobozoan
Short thick pseudopodia
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Archaeameboa
Ameobozoan
Amitochondriate
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Entamoeba Histolytica
Ameobozoan
Cause of ameobic dysentery
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Eumycetozoans
Slime molds
Ameobozoan
2 kinds: one multi one unicellular both make large structures in different ways
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Plasmodial slime molds
Ameobozoan
Forms multinucleated plasmodia, fusion of 2 gametes divides nucleus but not cell –> can be 4-5m long cells, releases spores to restart cycle
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Cellular slime molds
Ameobozoan
Multicellular, multiple cells migrate together and converge to make a large multicelular organism
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Opisthokonta
4
Fungi, Metazoa, Microsporidian, Choanoflagalletes
Mushroom, yeast, molds, animals, parasites
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Naegleria Fowleri
Excavata
Rare brain eating ameoba, bad parasite- kills host before it transmits, actually happened on accident
Diveristy of eukaryotes
5 groups of excavata
Diplomonads, Parabasalians, Oxymonads, Kinetoplastids, Euglenids
Do OctoPuses Ever Kill?
Diplo oxymon parab eugl kinetoplas
DO 5 excavated octopuses ever kill
Diplomonads, Parabasalians, Oxymonads, Kinetoplastids, Euglenids
Diplomonads
2 facts and 1 example
Excavata- DO
have mitosomes, parasitic in animal intestines
ex. Giardia
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Parabasalians
2 facts one example
Excavata- Octopus
Hydrogenesomes, termite gut symbionts
ex. T. Vaginalis
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Oxymonads
2 fact 2 examples
Excavata- Octopus
TRULY amitochondriate, insect gut symbionts
ex. Streblomastix (star) and Monocercomonides (mito)
AMITOCHONDRIATE !!!!!
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Kinetoplasts
2 facts 1 example
Excavata- KILL
Some free-living, some important parasites
ex. Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)
Diveristy of eukaryotes
3 Genera of kinetoplasts that are relevant for health and economy
Excavata
Trypanosoma- sleeping sickness Leishmania and Phytomonas (plant parasite)
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Euglenids
3 facts
Excavata- EVER
Freshwater, have Pellicle strips in the cortex, photosynthetic
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is SAR?
3 closely related super groups: STRAMENOPILES/ ALVEOLATES/RHIZARIANS
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Stramenopiles cell apperance
2 heterokont flagella- one naked trailling and one leading with mastigonemes (hair)
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Oomycetes
1 fact 1 example
Stramenopiles
Fungus like, pathongeic for plants
Ex. Phytophthora infestans
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is Phytophthora infestans
A type of oomycyte that caused the potato blight
Stramenopiles
Diveristy of eukaryotes
3 types of Stramenopiles
- Oomycete 2. Brown algae (kelp) 3. Diatoms
BOD = brown algae, oomycete, diatom
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Diatoms
Stramenopiles
Main photosynthetic primary producers in the ocean, planktonic and benthonic, freshwater and marine, frustrule, mostly unicellular
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is a frustule?
two part silicous wall in Diatoms
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Main groups of Alveolates and feature
- Ciliates 2. Dinoflagallates 3. Apicomplexans alveoli: flattened vesicles used for different purposes
CAD = ciliates, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Ciliates
Alveolates
Very large, covered in cilia, top predators, high diversity, extremely active
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is the Muller body
Alveolates
An organelle in Loxodes that senses gravity, similar to the inner ear of a vertebrate
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Kentrophoros
Alveolates
A ciliate that grows symbiotic bacteria as a “garden” on its back
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is a supergiant ?
Alveolates
Ciliates that develop LARGE cannibal forms when prey is low
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Dinoflagalletes
Alveolates
Some photosynthetic, some not. Causes red tides, coral reef symbionts
Some have eyes
Diveristy of eukaryotes
What is a Dinokaryon
3 features
Alveolates- Dinoflagellates
Unique nuclear organization: chromatin are constantly compact, no histones and genome is 100x larger than ours
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Apicomplexans
Alveolates
ALL are parasitic
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Toxoplasma
Alvolates- apicomplexan
Wants to end up in cats (life cycle happens there) infects rats and modifys their behavior to make them slower and more likely to be eaten by a rat
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Rhizarian
2 groups
Filose Ameoba
Radiolarians and Foraminferans
Filose Ameoba
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Radiolarians
3 features
Rhizarian
Marine, planktonic, comlpex skelatons
Silica
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Foraminferans
3 features
Rhizaria
Marine, benthonic, skelatons common in fossil records
Diveristy of eukaryotes
2 groups that dont fall into any category yet
Cryptophytes: mixotrophic algae Haptophytes: covered in scales, form blooms and influence the weather
Haptophytes = coccoliths
Diveristy of eukaryotes
Examples of orphan branches
Dont fit into any group, seperate lineage ex. Hemimastigophorids and Nibbleromonas
