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MICRO > Midterm2- Diversity > Flashcards

Midterm2- Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What are 3 broad patterns to pay attention to in the tree of eukaryotes?

A

How many times did multicellularity evolve in eukaryotes?
How many unrelated photosynthetic groups are there?
How common is the anerobic lifestyle?

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2
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is the definition of Algae?

A

ALL photosynthetic eukaryotes that are NOT plants

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3
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

3 Archaeplastid groups

ALL photosynthetic- First to have plastids

A

Glaucophytes, Rhydophytes and Green algae

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4
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Unique features Glaucophytes

3 points

Archaeplastids

A

Have Muroplasts/cyanelles with peptidoglycan, low abundance, freshwater

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5
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Name the 7 supergroups

A

Alveolates, Rhizarians, Opisthokonts, Stramenopiles, Excavata, Archaeplastids, Ameobozoans

Al RHode to OPPenheimer STreet to EXecute ARCHnemesis Amy

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6
Q

Why are glaucophytes historically important?

A

Primary plastids still have peptidoglycan, helped us determine origin of plastids

Muroplasts/cyanelles

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7
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Rhodophytes

3 points

Archaeplastids

A

multi or unicellular, economically important (nori/agar), forms ecosystems

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8
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Green Algae/ Chlorophytes

Archaeplastids

A

MULTIPLE independant events of multicelularity, includes plants, not all photosynthetic

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9
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Prasinophytes

Archaeplastids

A

Photosynthetic and eats bacteria, very common and abundant

Lesser known group, ecologically important

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10
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Trebouxiophyceae

Archaeplastids

A

Important in symbiosis (parameceium and lichen)

Lesser known group, ecologically important

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11
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Name 2 groups that do not rely solely on photosynthesis

Archaeplastids

A

Helicosporidium- parasite of arthopods Cladogonium- parasite of shrimp AND photosynthetic

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12
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Lobose amoeba

Ameobozoan

A

Short thick pseudopodia

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13
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Archaeameboa

Ameobozoan

A

Amitochondriate

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14
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Entamoeba Histolytica

Ameobozoan

A

Cause of ameobic dysentery

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15
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Eumycetozoans

Slime molds

Ameobozoan

A

2 kinds: one multi one unicellular both make large structures in different ways

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16
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Plasmodial slime molds

Ameobozoan

A

Forms multinucleated plasmodia, fusion of 2 gametes divides nucleus but not cell –> can be 4-5m long cells, releases spores to restart cycle

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17
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Cellular slime molds

Ameobozoan

A

Multicellular, multiple cells migrate together and converge to make a large multicelular organism

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18
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Opisthokonta

4

A

Fungi, Metazoa, Microsporidian, Choanoflagalletes

Mushroom, yeast, molds, animals, parasites

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19
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Naegleria Fowleri

Excavata

A

Rare brain eating ameoba, bad parasite- kills host before it transmits, actually happened on accident

20
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

5 groups of excavata

A

Diplomonads, Parabasalians, Oxymonads, Kinetoplastids, Euglenids

Do OctoPuses Ever Kill?
Diplo oxymon parab eugl kinetoplas

DO 5 excavated octopuses ever kill

21
Q

Diplomonads, Parabasalians, Oxymonads, Kinetoplastids, Euglenids

Diplomonads

2 facts and 1 example

Excavata- DO

A

have mitosomes, parasitic in animal intestines

ex. Giardia

22
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Parabasalians

2 facts one example

Excavata- Octopus

A

Hydrogenesomes, termite gut symbionts

ex. T. Vaginalis

23
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Oxymonads

2 fact 2 examples

Excavata- Octopus

A

TRULY amitochondriate, insect gut symbionts

ex. Streblomastix (star) and Monocercomonides (mito)

AMITOCHONDRIATE !!!!!

24
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Kinetoplasts

2 facts 1 example

Excavata- KILL

A

Some free-living, some important parasites

ex. Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness)

25
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

3 Genera of kinetoplasts that are relevant for health and economy

Excavata

A

Trypanosoma- sleeping sickness Leishmania and Phytomonas (plant parasite)

26
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Euglenids

3 facts

Excavata- EVER

A

Freshwater, have Pellicle strips in the cortex, photosynthetic

27
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is SAR?

A

3 closely related super groups: STRAMENOPILES/ ALVEOLATES/RHIZARIANS

28
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Stramenopiles cell apperance

A

2 heterokont flagella- one naked trailling and one leading with mastigonemes (hair)

29
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Oomycetes

1 fact 1 example

Stramenopiles

A

Fungus like, pathongeic for plants

Ex. Phytophthora infestans

30
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is Phytophthora infestans

A

A type of oomycyte that caused the potato blight

Stramenopiles

31
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

3 types of Stramenopiles

A
  1. Oomycete 2. Brown algae (kelp) 3. Diatoms

BOD = brown algae, oomycete, diatom

32
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Diatoms

Stramenopiles

A

Main photosynthetic primary producers in the ocean, planktonic and benthonic, freshwater and marine, frustrule, mostly unicellular

33
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is a frustule?

A

two part silicous wall in Diatoms

34
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Main groups of Alveolates and feature

A
  1. Ciliates 2. Dinoflagallates 3. Apicomplexans alveoli: flattened vesicles used for different purposes

CAD = ciliates, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates

35
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Ciliates

Alveolates

A

Very large, covered in cilia, top predators, high diversity, extremely active

36
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is the Muller body

Alveolates

A

An organelle in Loxodes that senses gravity, similar to the inner ear of a vertebrate

37
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Kentrophoros

Alveolates

A

A ciliate that grows symbiotic bacteria as a “garden” on its back

38
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is a supergiant ?

Alveolates

A

Ciliates that develop LARGE cannibal forms when prey is low

39
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Dinoflagalletes

Alveolates

A

Some photosynthetic, some not. Causes red tides, coral reef symbionts

Some have eyes

40
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

What is a Dinokaryon

3 features

Alveolates- Dinoflagellates

A

Unique nuclear organization: chromatin are constantly compact, no histones and genome is 100x larger than ours

41
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Apicomplexans

Alveolates

A

ALL are parasitic

42
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Toxoplasma

Alvolates- apicomplexan

A

Wants to end up in cats (life cycle happens there) infects rats and modifys their behavior to make them slower and more likely to be eaten by a rat

43
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Rhizarian

2 groups

Filose Ameoba

A

Radiolarians and Foraminferans

Filose Ameoba

44
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Radiolarians

3 features

Rhizarian

A

Marine, planktonic, comlpex skelatons

Silica

45
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Foraminferans

3 features

Rhizaria

A

Marine, benthonic, skelatons common in fossil records

46
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

2 groups that dont fall into any category yet

A

Cryptophytes: mixotrophic algae Haptophytes: covered in scales, form blooms and influence the weather

Haptophytes = coccoliths

47
Q

Diveristy of eukaryotes

Examples of orphan branches

A

Dont fit into any group, seperate lineage ex. Hemimastigophorids and Nibbleromonas

MICRO (8 decks)

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