Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICRO > Midterm1 > Flashcards

Midterm1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Anton van leeuwenhoek discover? (red)

A

Discovered single cell live with his new microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anton Van Leuwenhoek microscope

A

A single circular lens mounted in a tiny hole in the brass plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Ernest Haeckel do? (orange)

A

Came up with the THIRD kingdom, discovered microbial life isnt only animals/plants = PROTISTA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did RH Whitaker do? (yellow)

A

Came up with the 5 kingdom scheme by seperating out FUNGHI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the 5 kingdom scheme and who came up with it?

A

Prokaryote/animal/plants/protist/funghi created by RH Whitaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Carl Woes do? (green)

A

Discovered ARCHAE using DNA sequencing of ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Carl Woes kingdom scheme

A

3 kingdoms = archae/bacteria/eucarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the definition of protists that we use in this class?

A

Protist = a eukaryote that is not an animal/plant/funghi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brief description of bacterial cell

A

Hard cell wall (peptoglycan) in between 2 membranes, rigid flagellum, DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Brief description of eukaryotic cell

A

ALL have cytoskelaton, membrane, some have cell walls, nucleus, organelles, flagella/psudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eukaryotes vs bacteria

A

Bacteria are better at metabolism (getting energy from many sources) Eukaroytes are better at structure/behavior (can chase things down and eat them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a supersystem

A

A trait unique to eukaryotes, many different components that work together ex. endomembrane system and cytoskelaton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the biggest evolutionary change to ever happen since cells evolved?

A

The transition between prokaryotes –> eukaryotes, how do cells change without dying?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transcription initiation in bacteria (DNA to RNA)

A

Promoters = -10 -35 box, sequences are recognized to start transcription
sigma factors help polymerase to find promotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transcription initiation in eukaryotes (DNA to RNA)

A

Promoters = TATA Box TBP (tata box binding protein) helps find promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are Archae more similiar to bacteria or eukaryotes?

A

Look like bacteria, but are not. They are bacterial in form, but eukaroytic in content ex. Initiation of transcription, have a TATA box instead of Sigma factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who discovered Archae?

A

Carl Woes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Organisms that thrive in extreme environments. Halophiles/thermophiles/mesophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

Something that is MORE distantly related to subjects than they are to eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the outgroup in the universal tree?

A

B = bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is Lokiarchaeota located?

A

In a deep vent in the middle of the ocean, at “Lokis castle” very hot/mineral and gas dense. Lots of extremphiles there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do lokiarchaeota branch?

A

More closely related to eukaryotes, has cytoskelaton and endomembrane and potentially are eating other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition of endosymbiosis

A

A cell living inside another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A
  1. Energy metabolism = make ATP from very little glucose
  2. Fatty Acid oxidation
  3. Iron sulfur clusters = MOST essential for life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many membranes does mitochondria have

A

2: inner and outer, surface area asissts with electron transport chain and proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Functions of plastids

A
  1. Energy metabolism = photosynthesis 2. Amino acid production
  2. Iseprenoids
  3. Fatty acid production (for membranes)
  4. Iron sulfur clusters !!!!!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Brief definition of protein targeting

A

After endosymbiosis, the organelle functional genes get moved –> to the nucleus

28
Q

What is the difference between an organelle and an endosymbiont?

A

PROTEIN TARGETING. DNA makes protein and goes back to compartment where it works

29
Q

Stages of protein targeting

A
  1. Transcription in nucleus dna -> rna
  2. Translation at ribosome rna -> protein
  3. Transit peptide brings protein to target
  4. TIM&TOM or TOC&TIC recognizes transit peptide and brings across membrane intro matrix
  5. Transit peptide is chopped off by enzyme in cell and protein is processed and folded by chaperones
30
Q

Chaperones

A

Assist in folding protein

31
Q

TIM AND TOM

A

multi-protein complex in membrane of mitochondria that recognizes transit protein (TOM) and pulls it across the membrane (TIM)

32
Q

What is a transit peptide?

A

Bit of information encoded in the gene located at the end of a protein, was not in mitochondrial bacterial form

33
Q

What is Archezoa hypothesis?

A

4 groups of eukaryotes evolved before mitochondria endosymbiosis and are therefor ancestrally amitochondriate

34
Q

Definition of Amitochondriate

A

Eukaryotes that dont have mitochondria

35
Q

4 groups proposed to be Archezoa hypothesis?

A

DAMP =
1. Diplomonads
2. Archaeameba
3. Microsporidia
4. Parabasalia

36
Q

How can we test Archezoas hypothesis?

A
  1. Genomics: look for proteins associated with mitochondria (ex. iron sulfur complexes - essential for cell life even when respiration is not)
  2. Phylogeny: sequence their branching position, if they are related to a mitochondrial lineage
37
Q

How can we find mitochondria in cells?

A

Look for
1. Iron sulfur complexes
2. Targeting system- Tim and Tom
3. Chaperones

38
Q

Definition of a mitosome

A

Functionally reduced relic of mitochondria
- anaerobic conditions

39
Q

What makes Parabasalia an exception?

A

It uses hydrogensomes for metabolism instead of mitochondria.

40
Q

When did mitochondrial endosymbiosis occur

A

Before ALL eukaryotes evolved

41
Q

What is Oxymonad

A

Secondarily amitochondrial, uses horizontal gene transfer from bacteria for iron sulfur complexes

42
Q

What is the common ancestor of all plastids?

A

Cyanobacteria

43
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis of plastids?

A

Symbiosis with cyanobacteria that gave rise to plastids, Happened ONCE, only affects archaeplastids
= Green/red algae, glaucophtes

44
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis of plastids?

A

Plastids brought into eukaroytes (green/red/glaucophytes) and other groups of cells ATE those cells and spread them to multiple lineages, happened MANY times

45
Q

What groups evolved from GREEN Algae?

A

EC =
1. EUGLENIDS
2. CHLORARACHNIOPHYTE

46
Q

What groups evolved from RED Algae?

A

CASHD =
1. CRYPTOMONADS
2. APICOMPLEXANS
3. STRAMENOPILES
4. HAPTOPHYTES
5. DINOFLAGELLATES

47
Q

which plastid associated membrane is often lost?

A

Purple (from primary symbiosis) is sometimes lost, ALWAYS has 2 green membranes and 1 red

48
Q

How many membranes does EUGLENIDS

A

Green algae, 3

49
Q

How many membranes does CHLORARACHNIOPHYTE

A

Green algae, 4, nucleomorph

50
Q

How many membranes does STRAMENOPILES

A

Red algae, 4

51
Q

How many membranes does HAPTOPHYTES

A

Red algae, 4

52
Q

How many membranes does
CRYPTOMONADS

A

Red algae, 4, nucleomorph

53
Q

How many membranes does DINOFLAGELLATES

A

Red Algae, 3

54
Q

How many membranes does
APICOMPLEXANS

A

Red Algae, 4

55
Q

Glaucophytes

A

Did not do secondary endosymbiosis, also retained peptoglycan wall

56
Q

Where is a nucleomorph located?

A

Primary endosymbiosis host cytoplasm (purple)

57
Q

What is the issue with protein targeting in plastids?

A

The transit peptides are in secondary host cytoplasms (red) and tic/toc are in the plastid inner&outer membrane system and cant be reached.

58
Q

What is the solution to protein targeting in plastids?

A

Bipartile leader: Signal peptide + transit peptide
- SRP binds to ribosome and stops translation
- at membrane, enzyme binds to SRP and cuts it off, translation begins
COtranslational happens WITH translation
- Tic/toc grab protein and drag through

59
Q

SRP

A

signal recognition particle

60
Q

What is the ERAD system

A

Pumps broken proteins out of EM into cytosol to be degraded

61
Q

What is the SELMA system?

A

host organism flips ERAD system into a different direction to cross PRIMARY membrane (purple)

62
Q

What is a nucleomorph

A

Retained nucleus of red/green algae, reduced size and function
- helped us explain secondary endosymbiosis

63
Q

What is tertiary endosymbiosis?

A

Dinoflagelletes are always the host eating many other types of algae as endosymbionts, not very common.

64
Q

What is a dinotom

A

A dinoflagellete that ate a diatom, a case of teritary endosymbiosis

65
Q

What is Paulinella

A

An exception to the rule, an independant evolution of primary endosymbiosis

66
Q

Archae membrane

A

Single S layer made up mostly of protein, NO Fatty acids but use isuprenoids instead

MICRO (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions