Midterm1 Flashcards
What did Anton van leeuwenhoek discover? (red)
Discovered single cell live with his new microscope
Anton Van Leuwenhoek microscope
A single circular lens mounted in a tiny hole in the brass plate
What did Ernest Haeckel do? (orange)
Came up with the THIRD kingdom, discovered microbial life isnt only animals/plants = PROTISTA.
What did RH Whitaker do? (yellow)
Came up with the 5 kingdom scheme by seperating out FUNGHI
What was the 5 kingdom scheme and who came up with it?
Prokaryote/animal/plants/protist/funghi created by RH Whitaker
What did Carl Woes do? (green)
Discovered ARCHAE using DNA sequencing of ribosomal RNA
Carl Woes kingdom scheme
3 kingdoms = archae/bacteria/eucarya
What is the definition of protists that we use in this class?
Protist = a eukaryote that is not an animal/plant/funghi
Brief description of bacterial cell
Hard cell wall (peptoglycan) in between 2 membranes, rigid flagellum, DNA
Brief description of eukaryotic cell
ALL have cytoskelaton, membrane, some have cell walls, nucleus, organelles, flagella/psudopods
Eukaryotes vs bacteria
Bacteria are better at metabolism (getting energy from many sources) Eukaroytes are better at structure/behavior (can chase things down and eat them)
What is a supersystem
A trait unique to eukaryotes, many different components that work together ex. endomembrane system and cytoskelaton
What is the biggest evolutionary change to ever happen since cells evolved?
The transition between prokaryotes –> eukaryotes, how do cells change without dying?
Transcription initiation in bacteria (DNA to RNA)
Promoters = -10 -35 box, sequences are recognized to start transcription
sigma factors help polymerase to find promotor
Transcription initiation in eukaryotes (DNA to RNA)
Promoters = TATA Box TBP (tata box binding protein) helps find promoter
Are Archae more similiar to bacteria or eukaryotes?
Look like bacteria, but are not. They are bacterial in form, but eukaroytic in content ex. Initiation of transcription, have a TATA box instead of Sigma factor
Who discovered Archae?
Carl Woes
What are extremophiles?
Organisms that thrive in extreme environments. Halophiles/thermophiles/mesophiles
What is an outgroup?
Something that is MORE distantly related to subjects than they are to eachother
What is the outgroup in the universal tree?
B = bacteria
Where is Lokiarchaeota located?
In a deep vent in the middle of the ocean, at “Lokis castle” very hot/mineral and gas dense. Lots of extremphiles there
Where do lokiarchaeota branch?
More closely related to eukaryotes, has cytoskelaton and endomembrane and potentially are eating other cells
Definition of endosymbiosis
A cell living inside another cell
Functions of mitochondria
- Energy metabolism = make ATP from very little glucose
- Fatty Acid oxidation
- Iron sulfur clusters = MOST essential for life
How many membranes does mitochondria have
2: inner and outer, surface area asissts with electron transport chain and proton gradient
Functions of plastids
- Energy metabolism = photosynthesis 2. Amino acid production
- Iseprenoids
- Fatty acid production (for membranes)
- Iron sulfur clusters !!!!!
Brief definition of protein targeting
After endosymbiosis, the organelle functional genes get moved –> to the nucleus
What is the difference between an organelle and an endosymbiont?
PROTEIN TARGETING. DNA makes protein and goes back to compartment where it works
Stages of protein targeting
- Transcription in nucleus dna -> rna
- Translation at ribosome rna -> protein
- Transit peptide brings protein to target
- TIM&TOM or TOC&TIC recognizes transit peptide and brings across membrane intro matrix
- Transit peptide is chopped off by enzyme in cell and protein is processed and folded by chaperones
Chaperones
Assist in folding protein
TIM AND TOM
multi-protein complex in membrane of mitochondria that recognizes transit protein (TOM) and pulls it across the membrane (TIM)
What is a transit peptide?
Bit of information encoded in the gene located at the end of a protein, was not in mitochondrial bacterial form
What is Archezoa hypothesis?
4 groups of eukaryotes evolved before mitochondria endosymbiosis and are therefor ancestrally amitochondriate
Definition of Amitochondriate
Eukaryotes that dont have mitochondria
4 groups proposed to be Archezoa hypothesis?
DAMP =
1. Diplomonads
2. Archaeameba
3. Microsporidia
4. Parabasalia
How can we test Archezoas hypothesis?
- Genomics: look for proteins associated with mitochondria (ex. iron sulfur complexes - essential for cell life even when respiration is not)
- Phylogeny: sequence their branching position, if they are related to a mitochondrial lineage
How can we find mitochondria in cells?
Look for
1. Iron sulfur complexes
2. Targeting system- Tim and Tom
3. Chaperones
Definition of a mitosome
Functionally reduced relic of mitochondria
- anaerobic conditions
What makes Parabasalia an exception?
It uses hydrogensomes for metabolism instead of mitochondria.
When did mitochondrial endosymbiosis occur
Before ALL eukaryotes evolved
What is Oxymonad
Secondarily amitochondrial, uses horizontal gene transfer from bacteria for iron sulfur complexes
What is the common ancestor of all plastids?
Cyanobacteria
What is primary endosymbiosis of plastids?
Symbiosis with cyanobacteria that gave rise to plastids, Happened ONCE, only affects archaeplastids
= Green/red algae, glaucophtes
What is secondary endosymbiosis of plastids?
Plastids brought into eukaroytes (green/red/glaucophytes) and other groups of cells ATE those cells and spread them to multiple lineages, happened MANY times
What groups evolved from GREEN Algae?
EC =
1. EUGLENIDS
2. CHLORARACHNIOPHYTE
What groups evolved from RED Algae?
CASHD =
1. CRYPTOMONADS
2. APICOMPLEXANS
3. STRAMENOPILES
4. HAPTOPHYTES
5. DINOFLAGELLATES
which plastid associated membrane is often lost?
Purple (from primary symbiosis) is sometimes lost, ALWAYS has 2 green membranes and 1 red
How many membranes does EUGLENIDS
Green algae, 3
How many membranes does CHLORARACHNIOPHYTE
Green algae, 4, nucleomorph
How many membranes does STRAMENOPILES
Red algae, 4
How many membranes does HAPTOPHYTES
Red algae, 4
How many membranes does
CRYPTOMONADS
Red algae, 4, nucleomorph
How many membranes does DINOFLAGELLATES
Red Algae, 3
How many membranes does
APICOMPLEXANS
Red Algae, 4
Glaucophytes
Did not do secondary endosymbiosis, also retained peptoglycan wall
Where is a nucleomorph located?
Primary endosymbiosis host cytoplasm (purple)
What is the issue with protein targeting in plastids?
The transit peptides are in secondary host cytoplasms (red) and tic/toc are in the plastid inner&outer membrane system and cant be reached.
What is the solution to protein targeting in plastids?
Bipartile leader: Signal peptide + transit peptide
- SRP binds to ribosome and stops translation
- at membrane, enzyme binds to SRP and cuts it off, translation begins
COtranslational happens WITH translation
- Tic/toc grab protein and drag through
SRP
signal recognition particle
What is the ERAD system
Pumps broken proteins out of EM into cytosol to be degraded
What is the SELMA system?
host organism flips ERAD system into a different direction to cross PRIMARY membrane (purple)
What is a nucleomorph
Retained nucleus of red/green algae, reduced size and function
- helped us explain secondary endosymbiosis
What is tertiary endosymbiosis?
Dinoflagelletes are always the host eating many other types of algae as endosymbionts, not very common.
What is a dinotom
A dinoflagellete that ate a diatom, a case of teritary endosymbiosis
What is Paulinella
An exception to the rule, an independant evolution of primary endosymbiosis
Archae membrane
Single S layer made up mostly of protein, NO Fatty acids but use isuprenoids instead
