Midterm 2-Reproduction Flashcards
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
What textbook rules about nuclei do protists break?
ALL OF THEM: size/shape/number/ploidity/chromatin state/histones
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Protist groups with multiple nuclei
3
Ameobazoans and plasmodial slime molds, ciliates
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Protist group with multiple TYPES of nuclei
Alveolates - ALL Ciliates have a MACRO and MICRO nucleus Euplotes has anchor shaped, some have beaded
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Protist groups with extreme genome sizes
2
Dinoflagellates: 100xs of time larger than ours Microsporidian: (parasite) tiny sizes
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Protist groups with strange genome organization
Dinoflagallete chromatin is ALWAYS condensed, some groups are ALWAYS diffuse
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Protist group with no histones
Dinoflagallete nuclei use proteins stolen from viruses
NO histones
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
What is the microbial definition of sex?
Meiosis
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Open mitosis
Envelope breaks
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Closed mitosis
Envelope remains intact
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Orthomitosis
Spindle is polar- on either side of the cell
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Pleuromitosis
Spindle is off to the side of the cell
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis purpose and ploidity?
To duplicate the nucleus, ploidity is always the same
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis purpose and ploidity?
Nuclear division that results in halving the genome and ploidity, have to reconstitute with fusing gametes
good for population during environmental stress - DIVERSITY
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Gametes definition
Cells that are always haploid and are able to fuse/fertilize
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Zygote ploidity
Always diploid
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Ansiogamety
Gametes are morphologically different (ex. sperm/egg)
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Isogamety
Gametes are morphologically similar
Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis
Gametocyte/Gamont
Differentiated cell that produces gametes but DOESNT fuse
Life cycles
Binary fission
Asexual reproduction that divides cell into 2 identical daughter cells
nucleus divides by mitosis
Life cycles
What is the reset switch (meiosis) for Diatoms?
Population size gets too small- when they divide they only inherit the smaller half of wall, over generations this decreases size of diatom
Life cycles
Life cycle of Diatom
Diploid: Many generations of asexual reproducion –> MEISOS = Differentiate into M/F gamonts –> Haploid: Fertilization occurs –> Diploid: zygote then size restoration back to start
Angiogamonts
DIPLONT life cycle
Life cycles
Diplont life cycle definition
Life cycle where the only Haploid cells are the gametes
same as ours
Life cycles
Dinoflagallete life cycle
Start off haploid, divide and grow through asexual reproduction, trigger causes cells to differentiate (Gametes) –> Diploid: fuse to form zygote –> cyst –> Meoisis returns to regular haploid state
Isogamonts
HAPLONT life cycle
Life cycles
Haplont life cycle definition
Life cycle where the only diploid cells are the zygote
Life cycles
Coccolithophorids life cycle
DIPLOID: Asexual reproduction through many generations –> Meiosis, HAPOID: asexual reproduction many times –> differentiate –> gametes –> fuse to zygote DIPLOID
Angiogamonts: holo/hetero are haploid/diploid
HAPLODIPLONT life cycle
Life cycles
Haplodiplont life cycle definition
Life cycle where there is asexual reproduction both in haploid and diploid phase
Life cycles
Hetero and Holo coccolithophorids
HETERO = diploid (large round) HOLO = haploid (shell like) when GAMETES fuse = both (haploid –> diploid)
Life cycles
What way does Apicomplexa divide?
Parasitic
Multiple fission: replicate everything multiple times then release all at once
Parasitic
Life cycles
What are Gregarines?
Apicomplexan
A group in Apicomplexa that infects invertebretes (worms)
Life cycles
Sporeozite definition
Infection stage
Life cycles
Trophozoite definition
Feeding stage
Life cycles
Gregarine life cycle
Haploid: attaches to gut epithelium and feeds/grows –> differentiates to m/f gamonts –> makes STURDY cyst –> produce gametes through multiple fission inside cyst –> fuse/fertilize –> Diploid: zygote –> MEOISIS Haploid: back to sporozite
Haplont: only diploid cell is zygote
Life cycles
When does meiosis happen in haplont life cycles?
Right after zygote (2n) stage
ALL other stages are haploid, cant do meiosis
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
What is the causitive agent of Malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
Apicomplexan
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
What are the 6 symptoms of Malaria
2 Most common/telltale
Most common: Fever (telltale)/Fatigue ** Rare life threatening:** Resp failure, organ failure, coma, recurrent episodes
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
WHEN do the symptoms start in Malaria?
After multiple fission causes RBC’s to burst, merozoites are released and causes anemia. Immune system is overwhelmed. by infection and responds by fever (infection) and fatigue (anemia)
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
Why does Malaria fever come in bouts?
The bursting of RBCs becomes synchronous, simultaneous release of parasites causes bouts of fevers
Fever caused by infection
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
What causes the most SERIOUS effects? Coma/resp failure/organ failure
Side effect of parasite wants to avoid the spleen (could get filtered out) makes RBCs sticky and causes clotting in capillaries
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
Why are there recurrent episodes of Malaria?
Some merozoites go back to the liver to hide instead of RBCs and can remain dormant there
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
Life cycle of Plasmodium
IN HUMAN
Mosquito bites human and injects with saliva –> Haploid: sporozite hides in the liver to avoid detection –> pushes into liver cell (INTRACELLULAR) –> trophozoite feeds and grows –> Meront, done growing now starts to divide through MF –> Merozoites release into blood and hide into RBCs –> Merozoites INTRACELLULAR in RBC and divides by MF –> RBC bursts and releases –> cells differentiate (m/f gamonts) –> mosquito bites and sucks blood back up
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
Gametes in Plasmodium
in MOSQUITO
Female Gamont does not divide, instead differentiates. Male Gamont divides through MF
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
Life cycle of Plasmodium
IN MOSQUITO
Definitive host = sexual stage
Gametes sucked up by mosquito –> fertilization in the gut to zygote (Diploid) –> Zygote moves to gut wall and makes a cyst in body cavity –> MEOISIS Haploid sporozoites break free and go to salivary gland
Definitive host = sexual stage
Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria
What type of life cycle is plasmodium?
HAPLONT, only diploid cells are zygotes
