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MICRO > Midterm 2-Reproduction > Flashcards

Midterm 2-Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

What textbook rules about nuclei do protists break?

A

ALL OF THEM: size/shape/number/ploidity/chromatin state/histones

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2
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with multiple nuclei

3

A

Ameobazoans and plasmodial slime molds, ciliates

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3
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist group with multiple TYPES of nuclei

A

Alveolates - ALL Ciliates have a MACRO and MICRO nucleus Euplotes has anchor shaped, some have beaded

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4
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with extreme genome sizes

2

A

Dinoflagellates: 100xs of time larger than ours Microsporidian: (parasite) tiny sizes

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5
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist groups with strange genome organization

A

Dinoflagallete chromatin is ALWAYS condensed, some groups are ALWAYS diffuse

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6
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Protist group with no histones

A

Dinoflagallete nuclei use proteins stolen from viruses

NO histones

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7
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

What is the microbial definition of sex?

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Open mitosis

A

Envelope breaks

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9
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Closed mitosis

A

Envelope remains intact

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10
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Orthomitosis

A

Spindle is polar- on either side of the cell

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11
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Pleuromitosis

A

Spindle is off to the side of the cell

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12
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis purpose and ploidity?

A

To duplicate the nucleus, ploidity is always the same

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13
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis purpose and ploidity?

A

Nuclear division that results in halving the genome and ploidity, have to reconstitute with fusing gametes

good for population during environmental stress - DIVERSITY

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14
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Gametes definition

A

Cells that are always haploid and are able to fuse/fertilize

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15
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Zygote ploidity

A

Always diploid

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16
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Ansiogamety

A

Gametes are morphologically different (ex. sperm/egg)

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17
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Isogamety

A

Gametes are morphologically similar

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18
Q

Nuclei Mitosis and Meiosis

Gametocyte/Gamont

A

Differentiated cell that produces gametes but DOESNT fuse

19
Q

Life cycles

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction that divides cell into 2 identical daughter cells

nucleus divides by mitosis

20
Q

Life cycles

What is the reset switch (meiosis) for Diatoms?

A

Population size gets too small- when they divide they only inherit the smaller half of wall, over generations this decreases size of diatom

21
Q

Life cycles

Life cycle of Diatom

A

Diploid: Many generations of asexual reproducion –> MEISOS = Differentiate into M/F gamonts –> Haploid: Fertilization occurs –> Diploid: zygote then size restoration back to start

Angiogamonts

DIPLONT life cycle

22
Q

Life cycles

Diplont life cycle definition

A

Life cycle where the only Haploid cells are the gametes

same as ours

23
Q

Life cycles

Dinoflagallete life cycle

A

Start off haploid, divide and grow through asexual reproduction, trigger causes cells to differentiate (Gametes) –> Diploid: fuse to form zygote –> cyst –> Meoisis returns to regular haploid state

Isogamonts

HAPLONT life cycle

24
Q

Life cycles

Haplont life cycle definition

A

Life cycle where the only diploid cells are the zygote

25
Q

Life cycles

Coccolithophorids life cycle

A

DIPLOID: Asexual reproduction through many generations –> Meiosis, HAPOID: asexual reproduction many times –> differentiate –> gametes –> fuse to zygote DIPLOID

Angiogamonts: holo/hetero are haploid/diploid

HAPLODIPLONT life cycle

26
Q

Life cycles

Haplodiplont life cycle definition

A

Life cycle where there is asexual reproduction both in haploid and diploid phase

27
Q

Life cycles

Hetero and Holo coccolithophorids

A

HETERO = diploid (large round) HOLO = haploid (shell like) when GAMETES fuse = both (haploid –> diploid)

28
Q

Life cycles

What way does Apicomplexa divide?

Parasitic

A

Multiple fission: replicate everything multiple times then release all at once

Parasitic

29
Q

Life cycles

What are Gregarines?

Apicomplexan

A

A group in Apicomplexa that infects invertebretes (worms)

30
Q

Life cycles

Sporeozite definition

A

Infection stage

31
Q

Life cycles

Trophozoite definition

A

Feeding stage

32
Q

Life cycles

Gregarine life cycle

A

Haploid: attaches to gut epithelium and feeds/grows –> differentiates to m/f gamonts –> makes STURDY cyst –> produce gametes through multiple fission inside cyst –> fuse/fertilize –> Diploid: zygote –> MEOISIS Haploid: back to sporozite

Haplont: only diploid cell is zygote

33
Q

Life cycles

When does meiosis happen in haplont life cycles?

A

Right after zygote (2n) stage

ALL other stages are haploid, cant do meiosis

34
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

What is the causitive agent of Malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

Apicomplexan

35
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

What are the 6 symptoms of Malaria

2 Most common/telltale

A

Most common: Fever (telltale)/Fatigue ** Rare life threatening:** Resp failure, organ failure, coma, recurrent episodes

36
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

WHEN do the symptoms start in Malaria?

A

After multiple fission causes RBC’s to burst, merozoites are released and causes anemia. Immune system is overwhelmed. by infection and responds by fever (infection) and fatigue (anemia)

37
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

Why does Malaria fever come in bouts?

A

The bursting of RBCs becomes synchronous, simultaneous release of parasites causes bouts of fevers

Fever caused by infection

38
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

What causes the most SERIOUS effects? Coma/resp failure/organ failure

A

Side effect of parasite wants to avoid the spleen (could get filtered out) makes RBCs sticky and causes clotting in capillaries

39
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

Why are there recurrent episodes of Malaria?

A

Some merozoites go back to the liver to hide instead of RBCs and can remain dormant there

40
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

Life cycle of Plasmodium

IN HUMAN

A

Mosquito bites human and injects with saliva –> Haploid: sporozite hides in the liver to avoid detection –> pushes into liver cell (INTRACELLULAR) –> trophozoite feeds and grows –> Meront, done growing now starts to divide through MF –> Merozoites release into blood and hide into RBCs –> Merozoites INTRACELLULAR in RBC and divides by MF –> RBC bursts and releases –> cells differentiate (m/f gamonts) –> mosquito bites and sucks blood back up

41
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

Gametes in Plasmodium

in MOSQUITO

A

Female Gamont does not divide, instead differentiates. Male Gamont divides through MF

42
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

Life cycle of Plasmodium

IN MOSQUITO

Definitive host = sexual stage

A

Gametes sucked up by mosquito –> fertilization in the gut to zygote (Diploid) –> Zygote moves to gut wall and makes a cyst in body cavity –> MEOISIS Haploid sporozoites break free and go to salivary gland

Definitive host = sexual stage

43
Q

Life cycles- Plasmodium and Malaria

What type of life cycle is plasmodium?

A

HAPLONT, only diploid cells are zygotes

MICRO (8 decks)

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