MIDTERM VOCAB-Molecular Bio & Genetics

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

-genetic composition
Ex; Bb

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

physical appearance
Ex: brown hair

Question 3

Heterozygous

Answer 3

Genotype that consists of two different alleles

Question 4

Gregor Mendel

Answer 4

“Father of Genetics”
-pea plant experiment

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

A molecule that carries the hereditary information passed down from parents to offspring. DNA can be described as a “double helix”’ shape. It includes two chains of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds with a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 6

Polygenic Trait

Answer 6

A phenotype that is controlled by two or more genes.

Question 7

Eurkaryotes

Answer 7

Single-celled or multicelled organism characterized by a distinct nucleus, with each organelle surrounded by its own membrane.

Question 8

Somatic cells

Answer 8

Diploid cells that comprise body tissues and undergo mitosis for maintenance and repair of tissues.
-impact organism not the offspring.

Question 9

Blended Inheritance

Answer 9

previous thought to how genetics worked.
Ex: Mom Red, Dad Blue, kid is purple.

Question 10

Protein Synthesis

Answer 10

Two steps Transcription and Translation
A multi-step process by which amino acids are strung together by RNA machinery read from a DNA template.

Question 11

Mendelian Trait

Answer 11

Governed by a single gene or genetic locus
discrete or discontinuous traits
-phenotypic expressions don’t overlap

Question 12

Allele

Answer 12

-location on a gene
-a gene variant
-A non-identical DNA sequence found in the same gene location on a homologous chromosome, or gene copy, that codes for the same trait but produces a different phenotype.

Question 13

Punnett Square

Answer 13

• A diagram that helps visualize Mendelian Inheritance patterns.X x
  X |Xx_|Xx_|
  x| Xx | Xx |

Question 14

Gametes

Answer 14

-The reproductive cells, produced through meiosis (a.k.a., germ cells or sperm or egg cells).

Question 15

Chromosomes

Answer 15

-DNA molecule that is wrapped around protein complexes, including histones.
-Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 total
-A long strand of DNA in the Nucleus of eukaryotic cells that contains hundreds or thousands of genes.

Question 16

Dominant

Answer 16

• Refers to an allele for which one copy is sufficient to be visible in the phenotype.
  -Ex: BB Homozygous Dominant
  (B)- dominant allele

Question 17

Genetics

Answer 17

• The study of hereditary

Question 18

RNA

Answer 18

-Single Stranded
-contains Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T)
- Adenine (A) – always pairs with (U)
* Uracil (U) - always pairs with (A)
* Cytosine (C) – always pairs with (G)
* Guanine (G) – always pairs with (C)
-RNA is read in triplets (codons)
-Single-stranded nucleic acid molecule. There are different RNAs found within cells, and they perform a variety of functions, such as cell signaling and involvement in protein synthesis.

Question 19

Homozygous

Answer 19

Genotype that consists of two identical alleles
- (BB), (bb)
Homozygous Dominant, Homozygous Recessive

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

-Chain of amino acids that fold into a three-dimensional structure that allow a cell to function in a variety of ways.

Question 21

Recessive

Answer 21

-Refers to an allele whose effect is not normally seen unless two copies are present in an individual’s genotype.
( r)