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Hematology 2 > Midterm Topic 1 > Flashcards

Midterm Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bleeding time diagnose what?

A

vWD

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2
Q

The result is directly affected by plt count and the plt’s ability to form a hemostatic plug

A

Bleeding time

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3
Q

Factors that affect bleeding time

A

Elasticity of cut tissue
Ability of the blood vessels to constrict and retract
Mechanical and chemical action of plts in the formation of hemostatic plug

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4
Q

Screening for plt functions

A

Ivy’s method

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5
Q

Modification of Ivy method. Cut is exactly 9mm long and puncture is 1 mm

A

Template Method

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6
Q

Considered best screening test

A

Template method

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7
Q

Incision is 5 mm long and deep is 1 mm. Similar to template method. Difference is the use of an instrument to produce a standardized incision.

A

Simplate method

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8
Q

Both methods involve immersions of the warmed wounded finger in a sterile NSS at 37 until bleeding stops

A

Copy Lalitch Method

Adelson-Crosby method

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9
Q

Normal value for Coply Lalitch Method and Adelson-Crosby Method

A

179-340 seconds

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10
Q

Similar with Adelson Crosby, only it uses the ear lobe as the site of puncture.

A

Aspirin Tolerance Test

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11
Q

Def. of Vit. C

A

Scurvy

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12
Q

Abnormally low plt count

A

Less than 100,000/ uL

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13
Q

Severe spontaneous bleeding plt count

A

Less than 5000/uL

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14
Q

Bleeding possible with trauma plt count

A

30,000/uL - 50,000 /uL

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15
Q

Spontaneous bleeding possible plt count

A

Less than 30,000/uL

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16
Q

Measures the adhesion of platelets to the wound surface.

A

Borchgrevink

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17
Q

Borchgrevink uses?

A

Capillary blood and Venous blood

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18
Q

Retention of plts within glass bead columns.

A

Salzman method

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19
Q

In Salzman method in does not interfere with adhesion.

A

Heparin

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20
Q

Normal Value of Salzman method

A

26-60%

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21
Q

PRP containing EDTA is assessed for adhesion collagen in the absence of aggregation.

A

Test for adhesion of plts to collagen fibers

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22
Q

Estimated qualitatively by microscopic techniques.

A

Plt aggregation test

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23
Q

A machine that uses a light beam is passed off through the suspension. Monitored by changes in light transmission

A

Platelet aggregometer

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24
Q

Discoid to spheroid shape

A

Decrease in transmittance

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25
Q

Formation of plt clumps

A

Increase light transmittance

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26
Q

Facilitates the ability of plasma to clot by providing a surface to clot. A functional concept rather than a discrete molecular substance.

A

PF3 Availability Test

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27
Q

Activates the plt.

A

Kaolin and Epinephrine

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28
Q

Normal Value for PF3 Availability test

A

37-51 seconds

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29
Q

Depends on normal number if contratile platelets, the presence of calcium and ATP, and a normal conc. of fibrinogen. A normal plt and fibrinogen or fibrin

A

Determination of Clot retraction

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30
Q

Universal test for platelet function

A

Bleeding time

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31
Q

Serial dilutions of plasma are clotted with thrombin

A

Fibrinogen test

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32
Q

Rapid slide test based on agglutination of fibrinogen-coated red blood cells by the latex anti-human fibrinogen regent

A

Fi-test (immunologic test)

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33
Q

NV of fibrindex test

Normal plasma

A

begins to clot after 5-10 seconds

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34
Q

NV of fibrindex test

Firm clot

A

Formed without serum after 30-60 sec

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35
Q

Thrombin is available commercially as

A

Fibrindex

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36
Q

When added to plasma containing fibrinogen, thrombin produces clotting

A

Fibrindex test

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37
Q

Fi test

Normally, presence of fibrinogen is indicated by

A

Agglutination

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38
Q

Fibrinogen is usually converted into fibrin which id quantitated by

A 
Gravimetric
Nephelometric
Chemical
Immunologic
Precipitation methods
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39
Q

Methods for assay o plasma fibrinogen

A 
Ellis and stransky method
Stirland's method
Turbidimetric method of Parfantev et.al
Tatniff and menzie method
Fibrin clot method
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40
Q

1 drop of blood and caster oil then observe for 30 sec. for clotting.

A

Hirschboek kr Caster Oil Method

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41
Q

Qualitative test that uses blood in a test tube for clotting time determination is saved and left at room temp in order to note retraction, red cell fall-out and clot lysis.

A

Single Tube Method

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42
Q

Normal value for the quantitative tests for determination of clot retraction

A

30-69 min. and complete in 18-24 hrs.

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43
Q

Thrombocyte Deficiencies

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombosthenia or Glanzmann’s dse

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44
Q

Clot characteristics:

Clot nonretractile or retracts poorly. Clot edematous/friable, but coagulates normally.

A

Thrombocytopenia, Thrombosthenia or Glanzmann’s dse

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45
Q

Fibrinogen dse

A

Afibrinogemia
Hypofibrinogemia
Fibrinolysis
Dysfibrinogemia

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46
Q

Clot characteristics:

Small clots; increased red cell expressed from the clot

A

Dysfibrinogemia

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47
Q

Clot characteristics:

Blood does not clot

A

Afibrinogemia

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48
Q

Clot characteristics:

Clot is normal; increased red cell fall-out

A

Hypofibrinogemia

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49
Q

Clot characteristics:

Clot is absent or moth eaten and frayed; increased red cell fall-out; serum will lyse normal clots

A

Fibrinolysis

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50
Q

Increased in blood constituents

A

Thrombocythemia or Polycythemia

Hyperproteinemia

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51
Q

Clot characteristics:

Rapid sedimentation of red cells; layered clot; clot may not retract or may retract poorly

A

Hyperproteinemia

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52
Q

Clot characteristics:

Defectivd retraction; clot flabby/fragile; increased red cell fall-out

A

Thrombocythemia or Polycythemia

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53
Q

Delayed Clotting

A

Severe “hemaphiloid” state: hemophilia

Increase in anticoagulants

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54
Q

Clot characteristics:

Slow clotting time with sedimentation of red cells; clot retraction is normal

A

Hemophilia

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55
Q

Clot characteristics:

Increase in red cells and in fluid fall-out; clot may reform after initial partial clot removed

A

Increase in anticoagulants

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56
Q

Similar with single tube method but it does not use graduated

A

Stefanini Method

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57
Q

Blood is allowed to clot in a test tube containing a glass rod and retraction is observed.

A

MacFarlane Method

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58
Q

It tests the stability of the small blood vessels to retain the red cell in their lumen under conditions of stress and trauma.

A

Capillary Fragility or Capillary Resistance Test

59
Q

In capillary fragility test they are important in the maintenance of normal capillary integrity or resistance.

A

Plts and Vit. C

60
Q

According to Brown other name for Tourniquet or Hess Tesr

A

Rumpel-Leede

61
Q

Normal Value for Quick’s Method:

0-5 petechiae

A

+

62
Q

Normal Value for Quick’s Method:

++++

A

51 and above petechiae

63
Q

Normal Value for Quick’s Method:

21-50 petechiae

A

+++

64
Q

Normal Value for Quick’s Method:

++

A

6-10 petechiae

65
Q

Normal value for Gothlin’s Method

A

0-8 petechiae

66
Q

Present it scarlet fever

A

Vascular purpura

67
Q

Collagen def.

A

Senile purpura

68
Q

Tests the composite action of all plasma factors acting simultaneously.

A

Coagulation test

69
Q

Micro methods of the coagulation tests

A

Slide or Drop Method

Capillary or Dale and Laidlaw’s method

70
Q

Normal Value for Capillary or Dale and Laidlaw’s method

A

2-6 minutes

71
Q

These methods are superior for there is less contamination of the plasma with tissue fluids when blood is drawn from a vein

A

Macro method

72
Q

The whole blood clotting time is the time required for freshly collected blood to form a firm clot in standardized glass tubes at 37C

A

Lee-White or Whole blood clotting time

73
Q

Normal value for Lee-White or Whole Blood Clotting Time

A

5-10 mins

74
Q

Normal Value for Howell’s Method

A

10-30 mins

75
Q

This method is similar to Lee-White Method

A

Howell’s Method

76
Q

The whole blood clotting time is a measure of the integrity if the intrinsic system.

A

Lee-White or Whole Blood Clotting Time

77
Q

This method is the same as the whole blood clotting time except the test is performed in Silicone-coated tubes

A

Silicone Tube Method - Tocantin’s and Kazal Method

78
Q

Normal Value for Silicone Tube Method - Tocantin’s and Kazal Method

A

1-2 mins

79
Q

In Plasma recalcification time the plasma contains all intrinsic coagulation factors except what?

A

Calcium and plts.

80
Q

It is more sensitive method than the coagulation time of whole blood.

A

Plasma Recalcification Time

81
Q

Normal Value for Activated Recalcification Time

A

Less than 50 seconds

82
Q

Simple test of the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation.

A

Partial Thromboplastin Time

83
Q

In PTT it measures all factor deficiency of intrinsic and common pathway except

A

Factors 7, 13, and plts.

84
Q

Normal value for PTT

A

40-100 seconds

85
Q

It used to monitor IV anticoagulant therapy

A

PTT

86
Q

Prolonged in PTT deficiencies

A

Factors 12, 11, 9, 8, 10, 7 and 1 Prekalikrein and HMWK

87
Q

Shortened in PTT

A

Patients with activated coagulation system

88
Q

Similar to PTT except that a standardized foreign surface is introduced to the plasma w/c allows activation of Factors 12, 11.

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastin (APTT)

89
Q

APTT allows the activation of Factors?

A

12, 11

90
Q

Example of activators of APTT

A

Celite, Kaolin, Ellagic Acid and tannic acid

91
Q

They are useful for screening procedures of coagulation deficiencies/disorders in the intrinsic and common systems except for plt and factor 13.

A

PTT and APTT

92
Q

APTT and PTT are useful in screening procedures of intrinsic and common system except what?

A

Platelets and factor 13

93
Q

APTT and PTT detects the deficiencies of what factors?

A

1,2,5,8,9,10,11, and 12 as well as prekalikrein and HMWK

94
Q

Abnormally shortened APTT caused what?

A

Cause by partial clotting of the blood.

95
Q

Abnormally shortened APTT results in?

A

Traumatic venipuncture, high levels of factor 3, an activated coagulation system as in DIC or the presence of plts

96
Q

NV for APTT

A

25-35 seconds

97
Q

Used to differentiate factor deficiency and disorder of circulating anticoagulanta

A

Differential Tests of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (DAPTT)

98
Q

If prolonged APTT corrected by addition of normal control plasma then the patient has?

A

Factor Deficiency

99
Q

If not corrected then the patient’s defect is due to what?

A

Circulating AC

100
Q

Identification of factor deficiency:

Patient’s plasma + absorbed plasma

A

Factors 5 and 8

101
Q

Identification of factor deficiency:

Patient’s plasma + serum

A

Factors 11 and 12

102
Q

Another modification of APTT which is done by mixing the pxn’s plasma with commercially available correcting rgts.

A

Differential Partial Thromboplastin time (DPTT)

103
Q

If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:

Factor 8 patient has

A

Hemophilia A

104
Q

If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:

Factor 9 rgt patient has

A

Hemophilia B

105
Q

If prolongrd APTT is corrected in DPTT:

Partially corrected with either rgt patient has

A

Hemophilia C

106
Q

Serum prothrombin time/ prothrombin consumption time

Normal value

A

26-37

107
Q

Best considered as a test of platelet phospholipids activity

A

Serum prothrombin time/ prothrombin consumption time

108
Q

If the PT and PTT are normal, a short PCT indicates a deficiency of ____ due to _______

A

PF3
thrombocytopenia
Thrombopathia

109
Q

Principle of this test lies in the knowledge that for normal thromboplastin activity to develop in blood, HF, Platelets, PTC, PTA, factor V and stuart factor are ionized calcium are all necessary

A

Thromboplastin Generation Time

110
Q

Reagents for TGT

A

Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Normal platelets
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)

111
Q

Methods of TGT

A

Biggs and macfarlane method

Hick’s-pitney kaolin modification TGT

112
Q

Reagents for biggs and macfarlane method

A

Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Normal platelets
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)

113
Q

Reagent for hick’s-pitney kaolin modification TGT

A

Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma
Normal plasma
Calcium (M/40 CaCl2)

114
Q

Test for deficiency or inhibition of fibrinogen

A

Thrombin time

115
Q

Good screening test for thrombi-fibrinogen/fibrin interaction

A

Thrombin time

116
Q

Thrombin time

NV

A

10-20 seconds

117
Q

Prolonged TT occur in patients with

A

Receiving therapeutic heparin
Patients wt increase antithrombin or FSP
Patients with any disorder of hypofibrinogenemia

118
Q

Alternative to thrombin time except reptilase reagent is added to plasma

A

Reptilase R test

119
Q

Not inhibited by heparin

Inhibited minimally by FSP

A

Reptilase-R test

120
Q

Rapid slide test based on agglutination of fibrinogen-coated RBC by latex anti-human fibrinogen reagent

A

Fi-test (immunilogic test)

121
Q

Serial dilutions of plasma ate clotted with thrombin

A

Fibrinogen titer method

122
Q

When added to plasma containing fibrinogen, thrombin produces clotting

A

Fibrindex test

123
Q

Thrombin is commercially availabe as

A

Fibrindex

124
Q

Fibrindex time

NV normal plasma

A

5-10 seconds

125
Q

Fibrindex time

NV firm clot

A

Within 30-60 seconds

126
Q

Accurate methods available for the quantitative assay o plasma fibrinogen

A

Assay of plasma fibrinogen

127
Q

A clot is dissolved as a result of plasmin activity

A

Whole blood clot lysis time

128
Q

Whole blood clot lysis time

NV

A

Lysis clot after 24 hrs

129
Q

More sensitive test than the whole blood clot lysis time

A

Euglobulin test

130
Q

Screening procedure for

Measurement of fibrinolytic activity

A

Euglobulin clot lysis time

131
Q

Euglobulin clot lysis time

NV

A

Lysis about 300 minutes or longer-N

132
Q

Euglobulin clot lysis time

Lysis in 60 mins or less

A

Strong lysis

133
Q

Euglobulin clot lysis time

Lysis in 120 mins or less

A

Increased lytic activity

134
Q

Plasmin inhibitors lose activity on dilution

A

Diluted blood clot lysis time

135
Q

Diluted blood clot lysis time

Nv

A

Blood clot should not lyse in less than 6-10hrs

136
Q

Serial dilutions of patient’s plasma and normal plasma are prepared

A

Diluted plasma clot lysis time

137
Q

Methods for assay of these fragments are based on red cell hemagglutination inhibitors

A

Quantitative assay of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products

138
Q

Protamine sulfate turbidity test

Method

A

Kidder’s

139
Q

When a dilute solution of protamine sulfate is added o citrated plasma incubated at 37C, a precipitate in the presence of fibrin monomer or early fibrin degradation products is formed to produce turbidity.

Effects of heparin is antagonized

A

Protamine sulfate turbidity test

140
Q

Fibrinogen degradation products present in the serum reacts with latex coated with anti-fibrinogen showing an agglutination reaction

A

Latex bead agglutination

141
Q

Rapid semiquantitative method. If the antibody used in this assay recognizes only neoantigens created by the proteolytic action if thrombin on fibrinogen then, patient’s plasma may be substituted for patient’s serum in the assay

A

Latex bead agglutination

142
Q

Test is superior in sensitivity and specificity as compared with the conventional FDP assay

A

D-dimer test

143
Q

Test positive in early DIC.

Specific for cross-linked d/dimer fragment fibrin

A

D-dimer test

144
Q

New assay that is sensitive biologic marker of thrombin generation and Xa activity because generation of F-1.2 precedes thrombus formation

A

Prothrombin fragment 1.2 test (F-1.2)

Hematology 2 (4 decks)

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