Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Midterm test > Flashcards

Midterm test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 steps in scientific method?

A

Construct a theory, Hypothesis, Research method/design, Collect data, Analyse data, Report findings, Revise theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is the experimental group?

A

Group that receives the variable being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who is the control group?

A

Group that does not receive the variant being tested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the practice effect?

A

A natural improvement without the actual help of the variant being tested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the confounding variable

A

A factor other than the one being studied that can have an effect on the results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the placebo effect? What can be the solution?

A

Expectations that participants have might affect could affect the results. Instead, experimenter can give a mock treatment so neither group knows if they are control or experimental group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Experiment Bias. Solution?

A

Actions made by the experimenter that could affect the results by accident. So, it’s better that the experimenter doesn’t know which group the participants belong to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is average not very reliable

A

It is very susceptible to outliers( a low result can change the whole result)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Median

A

center value in a data set when it’s arranged numerically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is type 1 error

A

Believing a difference when it doesn’t exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is type 2 error

A

Conclude there is no difference even though there is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition of correlation

A

Measures the strength of a relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

number between -1 and +1 indicating the strength and direction of the correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does it men when the p-value is greater than 0.05?

A

The results are not significant, meaning that there is a greater than 5% probability that the results are due to chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a within participant design?

A

Participants complete both control and experimental manipulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In between participants

A

Participants do not typically complete both manipulations (control and experimental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in double-blind experiments?

A

Experimenters don’t know who is in experimental group or control group and participants don’t know either

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blind experiments

A

Experimenters know who is in an experiment or control condition, but participants don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T or F: Direct observation is an accurate interpretation of people’s behaviours and intentions

A

False: Direct observation studies are prone to the subjectivity and interpretation of the experimenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Random assignment

A

minimizes pre-existing differences between the groups, allowing us to compare these groups and ensure that the independent variable was responsible for any change in the dependent variable between groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Random sampling

A

Method that allows generalization of the whole population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Difference between theory and hypothesis

A

A theory is a general set of ideas bout how the world works. A hypothesis makes specific predictions about a phenomenon. A hypothesis is a testable testable statement that is guided by theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Difference between theory and hypothesis

A

A theory is a general set of ideas bout how the world works. A hypothesis makes specific predictions about a phenomenon. A hypothesis is a testable testable statement that is guided by theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Contingent relationship

A

Presentation of one stimulus reliably leads to the presentation of another (signal and event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

automatically triggers a response in the absence of any learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Unconditioned response( UR)

A

Response that occurs after stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

Paired with US to produce a learned contingency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Conditioned Response( CR)

A

The response that occurs once the contingency between CS and US is learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Acquisition

A

Process at which a contingency is learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Extinction

A

Presenting the CR alone when CS no longer predicts the US. However, the contingency is not unlearned, it competes with the original one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

The process by which stimuli similar to the CS will elicit a CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

The fear response by the highest gradient remains intact, but the lower fears flattened.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CS+ and CS-

A

CS+ presence of stimuli and CS- absence of stimuli

34
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

uses gradually exposure to fear to the fear stimulus to make the phobia disappear.

35
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus

36
Q

What are two non-associative learning?

A

habituation and sensitization

37
Q

Two associative learning

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

38
Q

Operant learning

A

learn that a behaviour leads to a particular outcome

Ex: money into vending machine will give me candy

39
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body always tries to stay normal so that it evens out. That’s why classical conditioning happens

40
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body always tries to stay normal so that it evens out. That’s why classical conditioning happens

41
Q

CNS stands for

A

Compensatory Responses

42
Q

Drug addicts that take regular drugs and are used to it. Then they take the same doses and the overdose(enigmatic opiate overdose). Why?

A

The administration cues(environmental factors) are not present. The body is not ready even though it took that dose every single day.

43
Q

Inhibition

A

Makes the original learned response (CS) less likely by introducing a learned inhibitory response

44
Q

Presenting the CS+ and CS- simultaneously

A

Leads to an intermediate response

45
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

Two or more conditioned stimuli can elicit the same conditioned response; however the conditioned response produced by the original CS is more resistant to extinction

46
Q

Compensatory response

A

A natural body response to maintain homeostasis (ex: sweating when hot)

47
Q

Discrimination

A

Restricting the range of CSs that can elicit CR

48
Q

Extinction

A

The loss of CR when CS no longer predicts CR. So CS is presented without US so the individual doesn’t expect CR/UR anymore

49
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

A mechanism used to treat phobias, in which the individual is presented with gradual exposure to the feared Cs without exposure to US

50
Q

Withdrawal

A

A group of symptoms occurring after a discontinuation of a medication or drug. Often happens when an individual is in the environment they previously took drugs.

51
Q

Instrumental conditioning

A

involves explicit training to learn the contingency between the voluntary behaviours and their consequences

52
Q

Law effect

A

Behaviours with positive consequences become stamped in and behaviours with negative consequences are stamped out

53
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any stimulus that is presented after a response that impacts the frequency that the response is performed.

54
Q

1.Reward training 2.punishment training 3.Omission training 4.escape training

A
  1. presentation of + reinforcement
  2. Presentation of - reinforcement
  3. Remove a + reinforcer
  4. Remove a - reinforcer
55
Q

Chaining

A

a technique used to develop a sequence of behaviours. Each behaviour is reinforced with the opportunity to perform the next behaviour in a sequence. (ex; learning the alphabet)

56
Q

Shaping by successive approximation

A

small behaviours that lead to the final complex behaviours. Each little behaviour can be reinforced. (reinforcement in the basis of improvement)

57
Q

SD/S+

A

when the contingent relationship is valid

58
Q

S&/S-

A

When contingent relationship is not valid

59
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

A schedule in which a form of reinforcement is not presented every time a particular behaviour is performed

60
Q

Ratio reinforcement

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided once a predetermined number of responses has been provided

61
Q

Interval schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided once some amount of time has passed since the last response was reinforced

62
Q

what is fixed ratio?

A

Instrumental schedule where reinforcement is delivered after a constant number of responses

63
Q

Fixed interval

A

Instrumental schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered after a constant period of time

64
Q

Variable ratio

A

Instrumental schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is delivered after some variable number of responses around a characteristic mean

65
Q

Variable interval

A

schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after some variable period of time around a characteristic mean

66
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement always follows a particular behaviour.

67
Q

What are the two assumptions psychologists make about intelligence?

A
  • ability to perform cognitive tasks

- The capacity to learn from experience adapt

68
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

From ideas and general info to specific conclusions

69
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

moving from specific facts to broader theories

70
Q

Functional fixedness

A

a bias limiting views to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

71
Q

Reliability

A

measures the extend to which repeated testing give consistent results

72
Q

Validity

A

a valid test actually measures the trait it is supposed to be measuring

73
Q

Describe strong role of genetics in intelligence

A
  • Twins: correlation between IQ’sis +0.8
  • Fraternal: +0.6
    The way we grow up is also an important factor
74
Q

Weschler scales

A

Scales standardized to produce an intelligence quotient for every individual. IQ

75
Q

Flynn effect

A

The observation that raw IQ scores have been on the rise since 1932

76
Q

What are the 4 stages that Piaget proposed of cognitive development in children

A
  • Sensorimotor stage( until 2nd birthday)
  • Preoperational stage (2-7 years)
  • Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
  • Formal operational stage( after 12 years)
77
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

until 2nd birthday. Child realizes

Object permanence: objects continue to exist even when you don’t see them anymore

78
Q

Preoperational stage

A
  • 2-7 years

- Egocentrism, Seriation, Reversible relationships, Conservation( ex: fluid conservation)

79
Q

Concrete operational stage

A
  • 7 to 12 years old

- struggles with abstract thinking and reasoning

80
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Can understand more theorical world (book)

81
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to seek out information that supports our hypothesis

82
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Tendency to make decisions based on the information that is most quickly available to us.

83
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Tendency to assume that what we are seeing is representative of the larger category we have on our minds.

Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions