Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

information as first being learned

Question 2

stored

Answer 2

what information is being stored and how

Question 3

retrieval

Answer 3

how we access prior experience to make use of them in the present

Question 4

Free recall test

Answer 4

A memory test in which a participant is asked to read a list of items, and after a time delay, freely generate as many items they can remember from the list. Very few retrieval cues are provided

Question 5

Recognition test

Answer 5

A memory test in which a participant is asked to read a list of items and then after some time to read another list of items and determine whether each item is old or new. retrieval cues were very strong

Question 6

Retrieval cue

Answer 6

Any piece of information that can be used to access other information that is stored in memory.

Question 7

anterograde amnesia

Answer 7

Patient H.M: he had chronic seizures, so he has a brain surgery, removed the hippocampi. After, he had difficulty committing new information to memory.

Question 8

Multi-Stored Model

Answer 8

memory is composed of short-term and long-term storage systems. Incoming information is first stored in short-term memory buffer and then transferred into long-term memory

Question 9

Short-term memory capacity

Answer 9

7 plus or minus items

Question 10

Does organizing items into meaningful chunks expands the capacity of short-term memory?

Answer 10

Yes, for example chess games, when experts see the game placement they remember more than if it was random placement.

Question 11

Serial position curve

Answer 11

A U-shaped curve describing the recall performance of each items in ordered list of words. Items presented earlier have the best memory performance. Items in the middle indicate that recall is worst. Items later in the list have the recency effect

Question 12

Recency effect

Answer 12

Memory performance is better for items encoded later in a list because they remain in the short-term memory stores

Question 13

Levels of processing principle

Answer 13

A memory model, which states that the more deeply we try to organize and understand a concept, the better we remember it.

Question 14

Levels of processing principle

Answer 14

A memory model, which states that the more deeply we try to organize and understand a concept, the better we remember it.

Question 15

Encoding specificity

Answer 15

Memory recall is better when retrieval takes place under similar condition to encoding. It demonstrates that our internal and external environment affects our memory.

Question 16

Herman Ebbinghaus experiment

Answer 16

• Memorize strings of nonsense words
• Each word connects to the word before and after
  like pearls

Question 17

Elizabeth Loftus’ research on false memories experiment

Answer 17

participants study a booklet containing several of their childhood memories. Of the 4, 3 were real and one fake where they got lost in the mall. 29% of participants recalled the fake experience as being real.

Question 18

False Memory

Answer 18

When an individual recalls a false past experience that is remembered as real. As time passes from the initial description of the experience, participants become more likely to believe the experience is true

Question 19

Fluency

Answer 19

The ease at which an experience is processed, some experiences are easier (more fluent) than others.
familiar experiences are processed more easily

Question 20

Attribution

Answer 20

Judgement tying together causes with effects

ex: seeing someone that you recognize, but don’t know from where

Question 21

False fame effect

Answer 21

Participants who read a list of both recently learned and famous names will incorrectly identify some of the newly learned names as famous after 24 hour delay.

Question 22

Primacy effect

Answer 22

The finding that memory performance is better for items encoded earlier in a list because they are more likely to transfer to long-term memory