Influence of others Flashcards

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1
Q

Co-Actor

A

Another individual performing the same task

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2
Q

Social facilitation

A

The increased performance that occurs in the presence of co-actors or an audience.

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2
Q

Social facilitation

A

The increased performance that occurs in the presence of co-actors or an audience.

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3
Q

Complications of Triplett’s hypothesis

A

The presence of others can sometimes hinder rather than help a performance

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4
Q

Zajonc’s resolution of conflicting data

A

Usually in simple tasks performance is enhanced with an audience, but for complex tasks performance is worse

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5
Q

Social learning theory

A

We learn appropriate behaviour by modeling and imitating the behaviour of others

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6
Q

Main finding of Bobo Doll experiment

A

children imitate adults without expecting a reward.

  • adults hit doll, kids hit doll
  • adults hit clown in disguise, kids hit clown
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7
Q

autokinetic effect

A

It is an optical illusion. Participants watch a stationary light in a black room which appears to move. This effect causes the participants to imagine a movement that never occurred.

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7
Q

autokinetic effect

A

It is an optical illusion. Participants watch a stationary light in a black room which appears to move. This effect causes the participants to imagine a movement that never occurred.

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8
Q

Results of Sherif’s experiment

A

A confederate of the experiment gave a large number of movement. The responses moved towards the large estimate.

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9
Q

Description of Asch’s experiment and results

A

Participants would see one simple line and 3 comparison lines. Had to identify the lines that were identical. When confederates agreed on clearly wrong responses, 75% participants conformed once to a wrong response and 37% conformed to all wrong responses.

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10
Q

Normative

A

role of others in setting standards for our conduct based in a fear of rejection. Ex: fashion.

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11
Q

Informational function

A

role of others in providing information about an ambiguous situation.

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12
Q

Stoner’s experiment set-up

A

Asked individuals to read a said of hypothetical situations to make risk assessments. One was in group and others individually.

  • Groups accepted the situation with a lower possibility of success and higher risk
  • Individuals accepted situation with a higher probability of success
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13
Q

Group polarization

A

Group decision making strengthens the original inclinations of the individual group members

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14
Q

Groupthink

A

A group decision environment that occurs when group cohesiveness becomes so strong, it overrides realistic appraisais of reality and alternative opinions.

  • those who disagree are rejected from the group
  • believe that they are right and everyone else is wrong.
15
Q

4 ways to prevent groupthink

A
  1. Be impartial
  2. Critical evaluation: allow group members to disagree
  3. Subdivide the group: separate decisions and later reunite to discuss
  4. Provide a second chance: second meeting
16
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

When each individual in a group sees nobody responding in a given situation, they conclude that the situation is not an emergency.

17
Q

Supporting evidence for pluralistic ignorance

A
  • Fear of personal injury
  • expect others to help(more if there are more people)
  • case of Kitty Genovese
18
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

In deciding whether we have to act, we determine that someone else in the group is more qualified.

19
Q

What can increase the chances of receiving help?

A
  • decide who will help you, it will break through pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility.
  • when seeing someone help others, the chances of you helping someone in the future increase.
20
Q

Stanley Milgram’s experiment

A
  • participant is a teacher, and is supposed to shock the learner when given the wrong responses. 65% of participants continued until the end. Delivering ‘‘danger’’ shock to a non responsive man with heart condition.
21
Q

In Milgram’s experiment, when they changed locations what were the results?

A

did not change the results

22
Q

In Milgram’s experiment, when scientific dressed more casual what were the results?

A

obedience decreased

23
Q

In Milgram’s experiment, the teacher’s distance to the learner increased what were the results?

A

higher proportion of participants obeying

24
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

state of psychological discomfort brought on by conflict between a person’s attitude and behaviour

25
Q

Overjustification effect

A

The resolution dissonance as conflict in behaviour and attitude are justified by some external means

26
Q

Stanford Prison experiment

A

some participants were prisoners and others were gurds. The guards had sadistic behaviours, the experiment only lasted 6 days

27
Q

Deindividuation

A

a group situation, the loss of a sense of personal responsibility and restraint
- anonymity increases this

28
Q

3 traits that may enhance a communicator’s persuasiveness

A
  • Those who are more expert on the field
  • physical attraction(advertising)
  • similarity(persuasive for lifestyle choices) and credibility (for objective fact)
29
Q

On what the decision to argue on one-side or two-side depends?

A

The initial stance

  • initially agrees: one-sided
  • initially disagrees: two-sided
29
Q

On what the decision to argue on one-side or two-side depends?

A

The initial stance

  • initially agrees: one-sided
  • initially disagrees: two-sided
30
Q

Central appeal

A
  • well reasoned, factual, two-sided arguments

- Effective for academic audiences

31
Q

peripheral appeal

A
  • well presented, easy to understand, simple

- effective for non-academic audiences

32
Q

Foot in Door technique

A

any one request in a series is considered in relation to the previous request. Escalating magnitude.

33
Q

Low-Ball technique

A

An escalation of the terms of an agreement after someone has already agreed to comply.