Midterm Study BT Flashcards
Define Architectural Projection
describing the exact shape and size of an object (real or viewed)
What are the two categories of Architectural Projection (“real” and “viewed”)?
REAL AND VIEWED
NOT Pictorial and orthographic
Real” = Accurate to the exact size and shape of the subject
○ Can be Scaled and Measured to reproduce or construct the subject
○ Undistorted by Perspective
○ Flat individual views that do not show depth
“Viewed” = Show the object in 3 Dimensions
○ Two Categories of 3-d views: Perspective and Paraline (isometric/axon)
○ Perspective: Parallel lines converge on Vanishing Points, Distorted and not accurate to size and shape.
○ Paraline: Represents the subject in 3-d but can be measured and scaled accurately
List the 3 types of Orthographic Drawings.
- Plan (cut and uncut) parallel to the ground
- Elevation (uncut) perpendicular to the ground
- Section (cut) perpendicular to the ground
List 2 types of Pictorial Drawings.
Perspectival Projection
Paraline Projection
What type of drawing is used to convey the spatial organization of a building?
Floor Plan.
What type of drawing is used to show the shape of a building from the outside?
Elevation
What type of drawing is best to communicate the relationship between the outside and inside of a building?
cross-sectional drawing
What type of drawings is used to show how certain materials or components are assembled or joined?
assembly drawing
List these Drawings in order from General to Specific:
Wall Section
● Elevation
● Floor Plan
● Soffit Detail
● Site PLan
● Kitchen Floor Plan
- Site Plan,
- Floor Plan,
- Elevation,
- Kitchen Floor Plan,
- Soffit Detail.
What is Figurative Space and how does it represent the “Old” way of Building?
enclosed, defined, clear shape,
primary space
OLD: Support systems have evolved from massive
elements pierced at few locations
What is Free Space and how does it represent the “New” way of building?
Free space:
open, continuous, objects sit within
space.
New: Efficient primary structural systems (such as
steel and concrete frames) with lightweight frames
and sheathing.
What is a Structural System?
Are designed to withstand various loads and forces
that act upon the building
or
framework that supports the entire structure and ensures its stability under various conditions.
—
NOt important: The structural unit is the basic building block for the
structural system and spatial organization
What is the difference between “Actual Structure” and “Conceptual Structure”?
ACTUAL STRUCTURE - CONSTRUCTION
(The means by which a building stands-up)
CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE - ORDER
(The means by which a building is ordered)
Define Load Bearing Wall
supporting much of the weight of the overlying parts of a building or other structure.
or
a structural piece of a building that supports weight of building above it and transfers weight to foundation:
Define Framing
Interconnected members that support vertical and
lateral loads
What are the Vertical elements called in Framing?
Walls
What are the Horizontal elements in Framing?
joists
What is the difference between a Truss and a Beam?
Truss: A framework composed of linear members connected at
joints to form a triangle or other geometric shape. (Chord, Web, Slab, Heel
Beam:
A horizontal structural element that carries and
transfers loads to the vertical supports.
Typically made of Concrete, Steel, or Wood
Common beam types:
● Rectangular beams
● I-beams
● Box beams
● Composite
● Cantilever
● Continuous
Old way
Bearing Wall
● Enclosure & structure = integral
● Openings are interruptions in structure
● Building form extends to the ground
● Strong inside/outside separation
New way -
Columns and beams
● Enclosure and structure = separate
● Openings are independent of structure
● Only structure must extend to the ground
● Flexible inside/outside separation
Which way is more Authentic with Regard to Form and Materials?
OLD WAY
Which way allows for more freedom and flexibility? Larger Spaces? Taller Buildings?
NEW WAY
What is the portion of a building above ground?
- SUPERSTRUCTURE
What is the portion of a building below ground?
SUBSTRUCTURE
What must the Structure of a building be designed to Resist?
Loads?
What is an influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body?
form follows function
Static Loads
Definition: loads / forces applied slowly over time
Static loads include what?
○ Dead Loads: act vertically downward & are constantly present
○ Live / Occupancy: temporary or moving loads acting vertically and horizontally
○ Snow / Rains loads: accumulated weight of snow or water on roof / surfaces
○ Soil loads: compaction exerted by the surrounding soil on the foundation on the structure
○ Impact loads: kinetic loads from sudden or transient forces. Considered b/c of “worse case scenario.” structure needs to account for
potential damage or failure.
Dynamic Loads
Loads / forces applied suddenly, often with rapid change in magnitude and points of application.
Dynamic loads include what:
○ Seismic loads: lateral forces that cause horizontal shaking (earthquakes or ground vibrations
○ Wind loads: exert pressure on exterior surfaces typically in a horizontal direction.
Concentrated Loads
Definition: a force or weight applied to a specific point or a small area of a structure
○ Causes: localized stress or deformation on the buildings materials at these points
○ Columns support concentrated loads
Distributed loads
Definition: a force or weight that is spread out over a larger area or along a continuous line
○ Load is more evenly distributed across structure
○ Reduces localized stress and minimizes failure opportunities
○ Bearing walls support distributed loads
Static Loads & Dynamic Loads
Refer to the nature of the force
Concentrated Loads & Distributed Loads
Refer to how the force or weight is applied to a structure.
List 3 Examples of Structural Elements
- Column
- Beam
- walls
What is a Span?
the horizontal distance between two supports of a structural component, such as a beam, floor, roof, or truss.
A spatial volume requires 2 or more vertically oriented
support planes.
What is a Structural Grid?
Points and lines of support for a structural system
typically define a grid
What is the difference between a ‘one-way span’ and a ‘two-way span’?
- ONE-WAY SPANNING SYSTEMS
Transfer forces to a pair of supporting planes that
are parallel to one another. - TWO-WAY SPANNING SYSTEMS
Transfers forces in two directions,
two sets of supporting planes or columns
perpendicular to each other.
Define Enclosure
Physical component that separates
the interior from the exterior.
An environmental separator between conditioned and
unconditioned space.
The building enclosure: “SKIN” of the building
What environmental elements and factors must be controlled?
- MASS - air, moisture, etc
- ENERGY - heat, sound, fire, light, etc.
What are three key components of a building’s enclosure (envelope)?
● Walls
● Roof
● Floors/foundation
Not: ● Windows and Doors
Not even or
■ Moisture
■ Air
■ Thermal
How is the envelope of a “New way of building” different from an “Old way of building”?
OLD: Massive elements (pierced at few locations)
NEW: Lightweight frames (primary structural system)
…
Since an envelope includes openings like doors/windows, walls, roofs etc.
A new way would be more flexible with more openings vs old ways of building.
Additionally:
an envelope includes: ● Walls ● Roof ● Windows and Doors ● Floors.
So one would be focused on integrality/enclosure/strength inside+outside. New is focused on separate/independent/Flexible inside+outside
What are three type of Energy that should be controlled by the envelope?
heat, sound, fire, light, etc?
What are four types of Mass that should be controlled by the envelope?
water, air, vapor, and thermal
How is Reservoir Control different from Barrier Control?
Reservoir: works by storage, water and thermal
Barrier: Works by exclusion, air/vapor and water
Enclosure’s Primary focus is what?
Capacity and efficiency when wetting and drying the building’s enclosure
(4 D’s of Enclosure) include:
● Deflection: involves directing water away from the building
○ includes ultraviolet light, radiation, wind and fire
● Drainage: proving a clear path for water to travel
○ Common issue = ponding: accumulation of water on a flat or low-sloped surface
● Drying: process of removing excess moisture or water from the buildings materials, surfaces, or spaces.
● Durability: choosing appropriate materials based on their performance in certain environments and exposure rates.
How is Layered Control different from Barrier Control?
Layered: works by rainscreen, (all three: air/vapor, water, thermal)
Barrier: Works by exclusion, air/vapor and water
Continuous Insulation can prevent what type of energy transfer?
air/water control
How does Ventilated Airspace help to improve durability?
removes moisture which prevents damage.
