Final Study BT Flashcards
● Drawing Types are what?
Orthographic
- plan (cut and uncut) parallel to the ground
- elevation (uncut) perpendicular to the ground
- section (cut) perpendicular to the ground
Architectural Projections
describing the exact shape and size of an object (real or viewed)
2-d vs 3-d
2-dimensional drawing (orthographic: plan, section, elevation)
3-dimensional
○ perspective (distorted))
○ Isometric (proportional and scaled)
“Real” vs “Viewed”
“real” orthographic projection can be reliably measured.
“viewed” pictorial projection drawing shows object’s overall shape and details in a single view, (No true sizes)
Pictorial Sub categories:
1. perspectival projection
2. para line projection
REAL AND VIEWED
Real” = Accurate to the exact size and shape of the subject (orthographic)
○ reliably Scaled and Measured
○ Undistorted by Perspective
“Viewed” = shows object’s overall shape and details in a single view, (No true sizes). (Pictorial)
○ Two Categories of 3-d views: Perspective and Paraline (isometric/axon)
○ Perspective: Parallel lines converge on Vanishing Points, Distorted and not accurate to size and shape.
○ Paraline: Represents the subject in 3-d but can be measured and scaled accurately
Three types of perspectival projection
○ one point perspective: all lines converge on one point, (lines parallel to each other)
○ two-point perspective: all lines that converge on one of two points, no lines run perpendicular
○ three-point perspective: uses three vanishing points to make objects appear to recede or converge.
● Drawing Conventions:
Line weights
line weights:
○ Heavy lines: major elements like walls, and boundaries.
○ Medium lines: secondary elements like doors, and windows.
○ Light lines: minor details, hatching
● Drawing Conventions Linetypes
○ Solid lines: visible edges, boundaries
○ Dashed lines: hidden elements, overhead features
○ Hidden lines: non-visible edges or elements
● Organization of a drawing set
general plans -> enlarged plans
-> wall sections -> details
○ floor plan: general layout
○ wall section: detailed view of wall construction
○ Detail drawing: Specific construction details, such as window
What is the difference between “Actual Structure” and “Conceptual Structure”?
ACTUAL STRUCTURE -
(The means by which a building stands-up)
CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE -
(The means by which a building is ordered)
OLD WAY
Bearing Wall
● Enclosure & structure = integral
● Openings are interruptions in structure
● Building form extends to the ground
● Strong inside/outside separation
NEW WAY
Columns and beams
● Enclosure and structure = separate
● Openings are independent of structure
● Only structure must extend to the ground
● Flexible inside/outside separation
Figurative space?
Figurative space: old way
○ enclosed, defined, clear shape, primary space.
Free Space?
Free space: new way
○ open, continuous, objects sit within space
What is a Bearing wall
a wall that supports the weight of the building above it and transfers that weight to the foundation
BEAM
Beam:
A horizontal structural element that carries and
transfers loads to the vertical supports.
Typically made of Concrete, Steel, or Wood
COLUMN
Column;
a vertical structural element that supports the building’s load and transfer into the foundation
○ How do bearing walls, columns and beams support the loads
Bearing walls support the load to the foundation while column and beams provide support
○ How do bearing walls, columns, and beams enclose the building
Bearing walls completely enclose a space while columns and beams can leave openings
○ How are bearing walls, columns, and beams organized
Bearing walls are perpendicular above foundation columns are considered vertical while beams are horizontal
○ How openings are formed in bearing walls, columns, and beams
Bearing walls; CAN’T be removed
Columns and beams; CAN be removed
SUPERSTRUCTURE
the portion of a building above ground
SUBSTRUCTURE
the portion of a building below ground
STATIC Loads
Definition: loads / forces applied slowly over time
DYNAMIC Loads
Loads / forces applied suddenly, often with rapid change in magnitude and points of application.
(includes;
○ Seismic loads: lateral forces that cause horizontal shaking (earthquakes or ground vibrations
○ Wind loads: exert pressure on exterior surfaces typically in a horizontal direction.
Concentrated loads
Definition: a force or weight applied to a specific point or a small area of a structure
○ Causes: localized stress or deformation on the buildings materials at these points
○ Columns support concentrated loads
Distributed loads
Definition: a force or weight that is spread out over a larger area or along a continuous line
○ Load is more evenly distributed across structure
○ Reduces localized stress and minimizes failure opportunities
○ Bearing walls support distributed loads
Enclosure/Envelope
3 key components:
● Walls
● Roof
● Floors/foundation
● Enclosure separates the — from the — space
Enclosure separates the CONDITIONED from the UNCONDITIONED space
Elements that need to be controlled by the envelope
Energy: heat, sound, fire, light, etc
Mass: water, air, vapor, and thermal
Old vs new way control methods
OLD: Support systems have evolved from massive elements pierced at few locations
NEW: Efficient primary structural systems (such as steel and concrete frames) with lightweight frames and sheathing.
(4 D’s of Enclosure) include
● Deflection: involves directing water away from the building
○ includes ultraviolet light, radiation, wind and fire
● Drainage: proving a clear path for water to travel
○ Common issue = ponding: accumulation of water on a flat or low-sloped surface
● Drying: process of removing excess moisture or water from the buildings materials, surfaces, or spaces.
● Durability: choosing appropriate materials based on their performance in certain environments and exposure rates.
“Perfect Wall”
It is an advanced way of insulating, air sealing, and keeping air and water vapor out of buildings
Relationship between architecture and site
○ PHYSICAL
- Climate -Lot Dimensions -Physical Context
○ CULTURAL
-cultural context -site-specific characteristics
○ SOCIAL
-Age, Race, and Gender - Significant Cultural Factors - Historically Significant factors related to Site and Culture
Weather vs. Climate
Weather-
short term atmospheric conditions
Climate-
long term weather patterns that exist in a particular area.
Topography (LOOK AT PICTURES
○ Surface
A perfectly flat plane
○ Contrours
Lines which connect points of equal evaluation
○ Spot Elevations
Points that indicate how far above or below sea level a point is
○ Grade
The slopes of existing physical features
○ Ridge
Long, narrow, and elevated landform
○ Valley
Elongated low areas often running between hills and mountains
○ Peak
The highest point of a surface
○ Slope
The way a surface rises or lowers
○ Depression
The way a surface decreases
Property and regulation
○ street right-of-way
Area of land reserved for public use
○ Zoning
municipal or local laws and regulations that govern how real property can and cannot be used
○ Set-backs
area setback from property lines on which cannot be built habitable structures
○ Easements
The right or privilege of using something not one’s own
○ allowable site coverage
The part of the net site area covered by buildings
○ max. Building height
The maximum height a building can be
○ covenants
A mutual agreement between two or more persons to do or refrain from doing certain acts
sun path
○ Summer Solstice
-Longest Day of the year June 21
○ Winter Solstice
-Shortest Day of the year
○ Horizon
-Path the sun takes across the sky
○ Altitude
-the angle of the sun relative to the Earth’s horizon, and is measured in degrees
○ Solar Heat Gain
-Increase in thermal energy of a space
Wind
○ Air Movement
air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure
○ Direction
due to inertia, it continue to move same direction even when it meets an object
○ Velocity
air velocity is slower near the ground and dependent on the terrain
○ Temperature
air is in movement (wind) and always changing temperature.
Plants
Physical environment of the site:
-soil conditions
- available sunlight
- available precipitation
- seasonal temperature range
- wind conditions
Trees will block Sun, Sound, Wind, Views
Climate Zone Impacts
○ Orientation
What type of place is it, tropical, temperate, dry, continental, and polar
○ Envelope
The type of climate shows you what building envelope you should use
○ Environmental Control
MASS - air, moisture, etc
ENERGY - heat, sound, fire, light, etc.
Passive systems:
Creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment
Extraction, Manufacturing, Transportation, Construction, Operation, Demolition does what?
Creates pollution= bad enviroment
Adaptive Reuse
The process of reusing an existence building for a purpose other than what it was originally built or designed for
Centralized vs. Distributed Systems:
centralized systems have a single, central point of control, (like a hub controlling all the activities)
In a distributed system, different parts of a computer system are located on different computers or devices that are connected together
Sanitary Sewer
-tunnel system for removing sewage
Rainwater:
Designed to drain excess rain and surface water from impervious surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and roofs
Lighting Types
- Direct - Indirect - Architectural - Decorative
Fixture Types
- Recessed (Down Lights)
-Surface
-Linear
-Sconces (Wall Mounted) - Chandelier (Suspended/Hanging)
