Final Study BT

Question 1

● Drawing Types are what?

Answer 1

Orthographic

1. plan (cut and uncut) parallel to the ground
2. elevation (uncut) perpendicular to the ground
3. section (cut) perpendicular to the ground

Question 2

Architectural Projections

Answer 2

describing the exact shape and size of an object (real or viewed)

Question 3

2-d vs 3-d

Answer 3

2-dimensional drawing (orthographic: plan, section, elevation)
3-dimensional
○ perspective (distorted))
○ Isometric (proportional and scaled)

Question 4

“Real” vs “Viewed”

Answer 4

“real” orthographic projection can be reliably measured.

“viewed” pictorial projection drawing shows object’s overall shape and details in a single view, (No true sizes)

Pictorial Sub categories:
1. perspectival projection
2. para line projection

Question 5

REAL AND VIEWED

Answer 5

Real” = Accurate to the exact size and shape of the subject (orthographic)
○ reliably Scaled and Measured
○ Undistorted by Perspective

“Viewed” = shows object’s overall shape and details in a single view, (No true sizes). (Pictorial)
○ Two Categories of 3-d views: Perspective and Paraline (isometric/axon)
○ Perspective: Parallel lines converge on Vanishing Points, Distorted and not accurate to size and shape.
○ Paraline: Represents the subject in 3-d but can be measured and scaled accurately

Question 6

Three types of perspectival projection

Answer 6

○ one point perspective: all lines converge on one point, (lines parallel to each other)
○ two-point perspective: all lines that converge on one of two points, no lines run perpendicular
○ three-point perspective: uses three vanishing points to make objects appear to recede or converge.

Question 7

● Drawing Conventions:
Line weights

Answer 7

line weights:
○ Heavy lines: major elements like walls, and boundaries.
○ Medium lines: secondary elements like doors, and windows.
○ Light lines: minor details, hatching

Question 8

● Drawing Conventions Linetypes

Answer 8

○ Solid lines: visible edges, boundaries
○ Dashed lines: hidden elements, overhead features
○ Hidden lines: non-visible edges or elements

Question 9

● Organization of a drawing set

Answer 9

general plans -> enlarged plans
-> wall sections -> details

○ floor plan: general layout
○ wall section: detailed view of wall construction
○ Detail drawing: Specific construction details, such as window

Question 10

What is the difference between “Actual Structure” and “Conceptual Structure”?

Answer 10

ACTUAL STRUCTURE -
(The means by which a building stands-up)

CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE -
(The means by which a building is ordered)

Question 11

OLD WAY

Answer 11

Bearing Wall

● Enclosure & structure = integral
● Openings are interruptions in structure
● Building form extends to the ground
● Strong inside/outside separation

Question 12

NEW WAY

Answer 12

Columns and beams

● Enclosure and structure = separate
● Openings are independent of structure
● Only structure must extend to the ground
● Flexible inside/outside separation

Question 13

Figurative space?

Answer 13

Figurative space: old way
○ enclosed, defined, clear shape, primary space.

Question 14

Free Space?

Answer 14

Free space: new way
○ open, continuous, objects sit within space

Question 15

What is a Bearing wall

Answer 15

a wall that supports the weight of the building above it and transfers that weight to the foundation

Question 16

BEAM

Answer 16

Beam:
A horizontal structural element that carries and
transfers loads to the vertical supports.
Typically made of Concrete, Steel, or Wood

Question 17

COLUMN

Answer 17

Column;
a vertical structural element that supports the building’s load and transfer into the foundation

Question 18

○ How do bearing walls, columns and beams support the loads

Answer 18

Bearing walls support the load to the foundation while column and beams provide support

Question 19

○ How do bearing walls, columns, and beams enclose the building

Answer 19

Bearing walls completely enclose a space while columns and beams can leave openings

Question 20

○ How are bearing walls, columns, and beams organized

Answer 20

Bearing walls are perpendicular above foundation columns are considered vertical while beams are horizontal

Question 21

○ How openings are formed in bearing walls, columns, and beams

Answer 21

Bearing walls; CAN’T be removed

Columns and beams; CAN be removed

Question 22

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Answer 22

the portion of a building above ground

Question 23

SUBSTRUCTURE

Answer 23

the portion of a building below ground

Question 24

STATIC Loads

Answer 24

Definition: loads / forces applied slowly over time

Question 25

DYNAMIC Loads

Answer 25

Loads / forces applied suddenly, often with rapid change in magnitude and points of application. (includes; ○ Seismic loads: lateral forces that cause horizontal shaking (earthquakes or ground vibrations ○ Wind loads: exert pressure on exterior surfaces typically in a horizontal direction.

Question 26

Concentrated loads

Answer 26

Definition: a force or weight applied to a specific point or a small area of a structure ○ Causes: localized stress or deformation on the buildings materials at these points ○ Columns support concentrated loads

Question 27

Distributed loads

Answer 27

Definition: a force or weight that is spread out over a larger area or along a continuous line ○ Load is more evenly distributed across structure ○ Reduces localized stress and minimizes failure opportunities ○ Bearing walls support distributed loads

Question 28

Enclosure/Envelope

Answer 28

3 key components: ● Walls ● Roof ● Floors/foundation

Question 29

● Enclosure separates the --- from the --- space

Answer 29

Enclosure separates the CONDITIONED from the UNCONDITIONED space

Question 30

Elements that need to be controlled by the envelope

Answer 30

Energy: heat, sound, fire, light, etc Mass: water, air, vapor, and thermal

Question 31

Old vs new way control methods

Answer 31

OLD: Support systems have evolved from massive elements pierced at few locations NEW: Efficient primary structural systems (such as steel and concrete frames) with lightweight frames and sheathing.

Question 32

(4 D’s of Enclosure) include

Answer 32

● Deflection: involves directing water away from the building ○ includes ultraviolet light, radiation, wind and fire ● Drainage: proving a clear path for water to travel ○ Common issue = ponding: accumulation of water on a flat or low-sloped surface ● Drying: process of removing excess moisture or water from the buildings materials, surfaces, or spaces. ● Durability: choosing appropriate materials based on their performance in certain environments and exposure rates.

Question 33

“Perfect Wall”

Answer 33

It is an advanced way of insulating, air sealing, and keeping air and water vapor out of buildings

Question 34

Relationship between architecture and site

Answer 34

○ PHYSICAL - Climate -Lot Dimensions -Physical Context ○ CULTURAL -cultural context -site-specific characteristics ○ SOCIAL -Age, Race, and Gender - Significant Cultural Factors - Historically Significant factors related to Site and Culture

Question 35

Weather vs. Climate

Answer 35

Weather- short term atmospheric conditions Climate- long term weather patterns that exist in a particular area.

Question 36

Topography (LOOK AT PICTURES

Answer 36

○ Surface A perfectly flat plane ○ Contrours Lines which connect points of equal evaluation ○ Spot Elevations Points that indicate how far above or below sea level a point is ○ Grade The slopes of existing physical features ○ Ridge Long, narrow, and elevated landform ○ Valley Elongated low areas often running between hills and mountains ○ Peak The highest point of a surface ○ Slope The way a surface rises or lowers ○ Depression The way a surface decreases

Question 37

Property and regulation

Answer 37

○ street right-of-way Area of land reserved for public use ○ Zoning municipal or local laws and regulations that govern how real property can and cannot be used ○ Set-backs area setback from property lines on which cannot be built habitable structures ○ Easements The right or privilege of using something not one's own ○ allowable site coverage The part of the net site area covered by buildings ○ max. Building height The maximum height a building can be ○ covenants A mutual agreement between two or more persons to do or refrain from doing certain acts

Question 38

sun path

Answer 38

○ Summer Solstice -Longest Day of the year June 21 ○ Winter Solstice -Shortest Day of the year ○ Horizon -Path the sun takes across the sky ○ Altitude -the angle of the sun relative to the Earth's horizon, and is measured in degrees ○ Solar Heat Gain -Increase in thermal energy of a space

Answer 39

Wind ○ Air Movement air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure ○ Direction due to inertia, it continue to move same direction even when it meets an object ○ Velocity air velocity is slower near the ground and dependent on the terrain ○ Temperature air is in movement (wind) and always changing temperature.

Question 40

Plants

Answer 40

Physical environment of the site: -soil conditions - available sunlight - available precipitation - seasonal temperature range - wind conditions Trees will block Sun, Sound, Wind, Views

Question 41

Climate Zone Impacts

Answer 41

○ Orientation What type of place is it, tropical, temperate, dry, continental, and polar ○ Envelope The type of climate shows you what building envelope you should use

Question 42

○ Environmental Control

Answer 42

MASS - air, moisture, etc ENERGY - heat, sound, fire, light, etc.

Question 43

Passive systems:

Answer 43

Creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment

Question 44

Extraction, Manufacturing, Transportation, Construction, Operation, Demolition does what?

Answer 44

Creates pollution= bad enviroment

Question 45

Adaptive Reuse

Answer 45

The process of reusing an existence building for a purpose other than what it was originally built or designed for

Question 46

Centralized vs. Distributed Systems:

Answer 46

centralized systems have­ a single, central point of control, (like a hub controlling all the­ activities) In a distributed syste­m, different parts of a computer syste­m are located on differe­nt computers or devices that are­ connected togethe­r

Question 47

Sanitary Sewer

Answer 47

-tunnel system for removing sewage

Question 48

Rainwater:

Answer 48

Designed to drain excess rain and surface water from impervious surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and roofs

Question 49

Lighting Types

Answer 49

- Direct - Indirect - Architectural - Decorative

Question 50

Fixture Types

Answer 50

- Recessed (Down Lights) -Surface -Linear -Sconces (Wall Mounted) - Chandelier (Suspended/Hanging)