BT (s2) Midterm Flashcards
What is the definition of a foundation?
the base that supports the structure and transfers its weight to the ground
What does a foundation do?
- Supports the building’s weight evenly
- prevents movement throughout building
-have shallow and deep foundations
What are the 2 types of building foundations and what’s the difference between them?
- Shallow
- found in most buildings
(can bear the equal distribution of weight)
- found in most buildings
- deep foundations
- are for bigger buildings
(ensure structural integrity)
- are for bigger buildings
What is the difference between isolates footing, raft foundations, and strip footing foundation?
Spread footings: Isolated= Spot
Wall Strip footings: Strip footing= does it over a length
Mat/Raft foundations: Raft= Area
(all 3 terms under shallow foundation)
What is the most common foundation?
Strip footing
What’s included in deep foundations and theirinstallations.
- Piles (driven piles, bored piles)
- caissons (drilled piers)
- pile caps (grade beams )
What is a caisson and how is it applied?
(goes down to bedrock)
(for unstable soil and heavy loads)
What is a friction pile and how is it applied?
(use overall forces at work to give enough stability to bear weight)
Relies on friction (“grips soil”
What do you do to a foundation to keep water from unstabalizing foundations
You coat the foundation with something or have a drainage system.
(- Membranes
- Bituminous (various coatings)
- Drainage )
Steel is what? (include characteristics)
The most prevalent material for structuring large buildings
(characteristics include: Strong, ductility and flexibility)
Why do we use steel?
- Weight to strength ratio
- makes for quick assembly)
- 98% made of recycled materials.
2 terms for structural stresses
(that play in all structural elements; affects wood, concrete, and masonry)
Compression & Tension
What is the diffeence between compression and Tension?
Compression: (wants to bear the weight of the thing, force being pushed down on it)
Tension (ability to handle stretching)
What is Shear?
(breakage that cuts right down in line?)
(parallel)
Shear walls resist lateral forces (ex. Winds)
What is Bending?
(curving) movement.
Moment connections resist
When does shear and bending happen?
Happens when a significant amount of weight is put atop the connections
Do shear connections solve lateral movement?
No.
what provides lateral stability against wind/and seismic forces.
Bracing system
What is included in reinforced concrete
(steel, mesh, and steel bars)
What is cement made out of
Cement, Aggregates, and Water
What is a Slurry?
A semiliquid mix
What does reinforcement do/benefits?
Continue to gain structural capacity throughout time
(when pouring slurry goes around concrete and into the crevices of steel)
why do we add steel to concrete?
To help with tension loads/tensile capacity
What is formwork?
a temporary mold used to shape concrete before it shapes.
Cast in place vs Precast concrete
Cast in place- poured on site (allows flexibility and monolithic appearance)
Precast concrete- manufactured in controlled conditions and transported to site
Benefits and downsides to precast concrete?
+elements
- Reduces construction time, labor costs
- Requires transportation and lifting equipment
elements: Panels beams, columns and stairs)
Benefits and downsides to site cast concrete?
+elements
- time consuming,
- material on site,
- lengthy process (pouring, transportation, etc)
- Sustainable (oxygen no carbon footprint)
(“healing” in the works)
Wood/Timber
Wood/Timber
T
Stick frame construction (used even more commonly than steel since it works for smalled builds/small scale construction)
FIxed sizes and length but not pre-done (a.k.a done on site)
Benefits:
Unlike pre-cast concrete or steel,
Key advantages:
Flexible design (easy to modify/expand)
Readily available materials- renewable (trees replanted
Fast and efficient construction
(Lightweight yet strong)
Limitations
Moisture= easily decay
Water proofing method (treated lumber)
Fire hazard
Pest infestation
(dimensional) Instability
Unlike steel and concrete, porous material (expands and contracts with moisture)
Code restriction
We can only make it so big (because of fire safety concerns)
T
Soft wood for framing lumber
Pine, Cedar, rosewood
Instability:
Hard wood for cabinetry, finished wood appearance not structure 2 by 4 is actually ¾ inches?? (look back at notes
size for actual dimension (nominal vs actual)
(if you know the difference, it’s very impressive to hire-ees
Tree harvest
(old growth tree cutting, great value, not inherently
Clear cutting vs shelter wood (doesn’t produce as much wood as selective cutting
Sourcing of material (especially wood) as some are unethically sourced, like brazilian rainforest
Deforestation
Broad issue throughout the world
COntributers:
Agriculture (land cleared for crops
Harvesting limber for construction
Urban expansion
mining?
Engineered wood
Plywood: (litte bits rolled up together and glued?)
Subflooring
Oriented strand board (OSB) made of pressed and adhered together wood strands.
Laminated veneer lumber
Glue-laminated timber
Timber
Strong for it’s weight
Natural insulated properties
Workability (come to site and cut etc)
Limitations: moisture, insects, fire
Traditional Timber Framing:
Low-rise
Mass Timber construction:
Engineered wood that is made to do greater structural (larger/high rise buildings)
Types:
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) layers perpendicularly glued
Glued-laminated timber (long wood beams glued together)
Nail-maniated and dowel-laminated timber (NLT) (DLT): layers of lumber nailed or dowelled together (for floors and walls)
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) (veneers bonded by adhesive
Charring effect before it fully burns (a.k.a won’t really burn especially with thickness (insulate inner wood)
Carbon sequestration in Timber
Absorb
Factsof timber construction
(used more commonly than steel due to working better for smaller scale construction)
FIxed sizes and length but not pre-done (a.k.a done on site)
Benefits of timber construction
- Flexible design (easy to modify/expand)
- Readily available materials- renewable (trees replanted
- Fast and efficient construction
- (Lightweight yet strong)
Limitations of Timber construction
- Moisture = easily decay and expansion/contraction
(fixed with Water proofing/”treated” method)
- Fire hazard
- Pest infestation
- Instability (dimensionally)
- height code restriction
What soft woods are used to frame lumber?
Pine, Cedar, rosewood
Things to keep in mind with tree harvesting
- Clear cutting vs shelter wood (doesn’t produce as much wood as selective cutting
- Sourcing of material (especially wood) as some are unethically sourced, like brazilian rainforest
Engineered wood examples
- Plywood (bits rolled and glued)
- Oriented strand board (OSB
- Laminated Veneer lumber
- Glue-laminated timber
Benefits of timber:
- Strong for it’s weight
- Natural insulated properties
- Workability (come to site and cut etc)
Limitations: moisture, insects, fire
What is traditional timber framing used for
Low-rise
what is Mass timber construction?
Engineered wood that is made to do greater structural (larger/high rise buildings)
What are some mass timber comstruction types
a. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) layers perpendicularly glued
b. Glued-laminated timber (long wood beams glued together)
c. Nail-maniated and dowel-laminated timber (NLT) (DLT): layers of lumber nailed or dowelled together (for floors and walls)
d. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) (veneers bonded by adhesive
Masonry
Masonry
Brick, CMU, and stone construction(all connected by mortar and grout
For stone we got 4 types with different types of hardness (granite being hardest)
Granite, limestone, (2 others: marble?)
Masonry construction:
Bottom joint is head, outer is head joints, single layer going up and down is a wyther (DOESN’T HAVE STRUCTURAL COMPASITY; aesthetic)
Terms that describe the direction brick is layed
header perpendicular,
Stretcher upward (wider face) ,
Soldier (very frequent, bottom of wall or above opening
shiner)
Masonry in terms of type
Stack (weakest)
Running (weak)
English (strong)
FLemish (strong)
What is Brick, CMU, and stone construction all connected by?
mortar and grout
What are the 4 different stones and hardness?
- Granite (Strongest, used in heavy structures
- Marble (high-end architectural elements)
- Limestones (softer, used in decorative buildings
- Sandstone (softest, commonly used for walls and facades
Masonry terminology
Unit: Individual brick/block
Course: Horizontal layer of bricks
Wythe: Vertical layer of bricks
Mortar: Adhesive material between bricks.
Brick laying direction
- Header ( short end exposed; perpendicular)
- Stretcher (upward; long/wider face)
- Soldier (vertically
shiner)
-Rowlock: on edge
Masonry in terms of type
Masonry in terms of type
Stack (weakest)
Running (weak)
English (strong)
FLemish (strong)
