MIDTERM: SPANISH ERA OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION Flashcards
What caused the sudden desire of Spain to make the Philippines a more productive colony in the 19th century?
- there was a great disruption of colonial politics
- civil wars rose over the argument on who should have the Spanish throne (Queen Isabela vs. Uncle Carlos)
- Spain lost most of its colonies (PH, Puerto Rico, and Cuba were the only ones left)
What are the Reforms imposed by Spain to make the Philippines more productive?
- Opening of Manila to World Trade
- before this, the galleon trade (monopolistic) was the only prominent trade system from Manila-Acapulco - Creation of new Infrastructures
- required Spain to build infrastructures like the Philippine National Railway (Manila to Dagupan) - Urbanization and opening of new businesses
- urbanization of suburbs outside of intramuros
- Hotel de Oriente = first hotel - Reforms in key institutions like education and public health
- Ateneo, Letran, UST (UST was the only college, the other 2 were secondary schools) - Emergence of a new highly educated and urban middle-class
- development of institutions resulted in the population of illustrados–well educated individuals and the emergence of a middle-class
What was the biggest issue in the Philippines during the 19th century?
Secularization of the church
Secularization of the Catholic Church
- the process of transferring the leadership and management of parishes from Spanish priests (friars) to native priests
- originally the only goal of Friars is to convert non-Christians + only Spanish people were allowed to join the friar order
GOAL:
- greater rights for native Filipino Roman Catholic clergymen.
- transfer the functions of Friars to the native secular priests
SPAIN’S OPPOSITION:
- Friars were allowed to lead the churches because they became the eye of the colonial government
- Spain planned to control the principales through the friars
- Because of the friar’s important political goal in the PH, the governor-general said no to the order and kept the regular priests in the parishes
Pedro Pelaez
- Believed that the problem was within the parish
- Head of the secularization movement
Died because of an earthquake - Was replaced by Jose Burgos
Jose Burgos
- Argued that there is a problem with the colony itself and not the parish because secular priests are not allowed to hold power because they are Filipino
- Spanish believed Filipinos have a low capacity to lead so secular priests should not be able to lead parishes
Cavite Mutiny
- January 20 1872
- Soldiers in Cavite mutinied against their superiors
Filipinos Reason:
- Soldiers weren’t being taken care of, they were not being paid well, and their privileges were taken away
Spanish Narrative:
- claimed that the mutiny was masterminded by Burgos and was a plan to revolt against Spain and oust the Spaniards out of PH and make Burgos King
- Spain used this as a reason to imprison and execute Burgos and end the secularization movement
Propaganda Movement: How it started
- 1872 to 1892
- The execution of Gomburza in 1872 convinced the ilustrados that change within the colonial government is impossible because the friars have a large influence on the governor-general
- They need to ask for reforms from Spain itself, thus: many illustrados went to Spain and advocated for the secularization and rights of the Filipinos
Key Players of the Propaganda Movement:
- Jose Rizal
- Marcelo Del Pilar
- Garciano Lopez
Propaganda Movement: Goals
- Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain
- Filipinos considered citizens and to be protected under the Spanish constitution - Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, and the Spanish parliament
- Secularization of Philippine parishes
- Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality
Creation of a public school system separate from the friars - Abolition of the polo system (forced labor) and vandala (forced sale at a low price)
- Guaranteed basic freedoms of speech and association
- Equal opportunities for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government services
Spain’s view on Philippine History
- bipartite point of view
- Convinced the Filipinos that they should have “utang na loob”
PRE-COLONIAL
- Spaniards describe the pre-colonial period as a time of DARKNESS because the light of “civilization” has not yet arrived in the archipelago.
COLONIAL
- Spaniards describe the colonial period as a time of ENLIGHTENMENT as they argued that they brought “civilization” and Christianity to the archipelago and saved the Philippines from eternal doom.
Illustrados’ View on Philippine History
- tripartite point of view
PRE-COLONIAL
- For the illustrados, the pre-colonial period is a time of freedom where early Filipinos trade with their neighbors in East and Southeast Asia.
- Pre-colonial was a period of ENLIGHTENMENT
They were a productive population–trading with their neighbors in east and southeast Asia
- They wanted to progress more so during the colonial period, they went into a social contract with the Spanish
COLONIAL
- Colonial period was a period of DARKNESS
- The Spaniards did not follow the contract (filipinos were abused)
- Instead of helping the Filipinos progress, the progress stopped and Filipinos were marginalized
- The contract will be null and void
- Spaniards cannot keep the colonization and the Filipinos have the right to take back their freedom and once again get back to enlightenment
POSTCOLONIAL
- ENLIGHTENMENT
- A period when the Philippines is no longer a colony of Spain. Abuses of the colonial government and friar orders will be kept in check as Filipinos will now acquire the same rights and privileges as the Spaniards.
Pact of Legaspi and Sikatuna
- Promise of progress and protection in exchange for surrendering our freedom to Spain
- Spain did not follow the agreements
MARCELO DEL PILAR: View on Philippine History
PRE-COLONIAL: Filipinos have an inferior civilization. Blood compact was made in order for mother Spain to civilize and Christianize “daughter” Filipinas.
COLONIAL: Encomenderos was first charged with a civilizing mission. Then friars, who established frailo-cracia and hampered progress, which is inevitable (Suez Canal)
POST-COLONIAL: Friars must go, Revolution has the advantage of being surgical. But liberal reform is better. Integration of autonomous Filipinas with Spain.
- preferred reform but when before he died, he said he preferred the revolution
LOPEZ JAENA: View on Philippine History
PRE-COLONIAL: Ambivalent view. One moment Filipinas were thought to be in a “primitive state”. Then as having “a civilization, a degree of enlightenment.
COLONIAL: Filipino capacity for progress impeded by “monastic supremacy”. Progress due to Filipinos alone and external forces.
POST-COLONIAL: Elimination of friar rule. At first assimilationist, Jaena later favored Revolution, freedom won “with the blood of Filipinos”
- there is a greater enlightenment
JOSE RIZAL: View on Philippine History
PRE-COLONIAL: Filipinas had a civilization of their own and were progressing, armed with their own capacities and virtues.
COLONIAL: Decay and retrogression under Spanish rule. Civic virtue lost. Vices took over. Social cancer in the late 19th century.
POST-COLONIAL: Release of creative forces of the race with the attainment of freedom. Probably through Revolution. Tactically, through reforms.
- The Filipinos forgot their own culture and tradition
- Sickness of the Philippines is colonialism
Solution: nationalism – filipinos to remember their own culture and tradition
La Liga Filipina
- They didn’t know if this group was a reform group or a revolutionary group
- Split into two factions
APOLINARIO MABINI - Reform Movement and support propaganda movement in Spain
ANDRES BONIFIACIO - Revolutionary Movement
Who were the supremos of Katipunan?
First Supremo of Katipunan = Deodato Arellano (they didn’t progress under his leadership)
Second Supremo of Katipunan = Roman Basa (too many financial issues)
Third Supremo of Katipunan = Andres Bonifacio
Balintawak or Pugad Lawin
- Bonifacio and his comrades met and shouted for freedom
- Cry ignited/opened the road toward the philippine revolution
Philippine Revolution: Phase 1
- Spain’s discovery of the Katipunan forced Filipinos to unite in a revolution
HAPPENINGS:
- Planned an attack in Manila but the such attack did not happen. Bonifacio attacked in San Juan instead
- Bonifacio lost in Manila and retreated to Marikina and then retreated to San Matteo while the urban katipuneros were losing, the katipuneros in Cavite were winning
Urban Middle Class vs Rural Elites
- Revolution suggests factionalism between rural and urban middle class
Urban Middle Class (Andres Bonifacio)
- A group that emerged because of the economic reforms in 19th century.
- Economic power came from being employed in local and international companies.
- Has a strong liberal and internationalist outlook.
- Most are ilustrados or semi-ilutrados.
Rural Elites or Principales (Emilio Aguinaldo)
- Local leaders that have a strong influence, especially in rural areas.
- Economic power is tied to political power and land ownership.
- While educated, politics is mostly shaped by local experience.
- Political power is threatened by the economic reforms of the 19th century.
Tejeros Convention
- in order to resolve the brewing conflict of leadership between the Katipunan (a conflict between classes not the masses), they conducted the tejeros convention
- Created a new revolutionary government through an election and because all of the people who voted were Cavitenos, they obviously voted for Aguinaldo over Bonifacio
- Bonifacio was running for every single position available in the cabinet but ended up losing to all Cavitenos. He got mad and announced the tejeros convention NULL AND VOID and made his own government
- Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and was executed in 1897
-The death of Bonifacio signaled the change of leadership of the Katipunan from the urban middle class to the rural peninsulares
Rebound of Spain
- While the Katipuneros were resolving their leadership issues, Spaniards increased their forces in the Philippines
- Fernando Primo de Rivera launched an offensive to recapture Cavite.
- With the Katipuneros in disarray, Emilio Aguinaldo and the other Katipunan leaders retreated to Montalban and they regrouped in Biak na Bato, Bulacan
- Other areas were struggling and established provisional governments allied to Aguinaldo
EX. Federal States of Visayas
Pact ng Biak na Bato
- Eager to end the Revolution, Primo De Tavera tasked Pedro Paterno to mediate between the Filipino and Spanish forces in Biak na Bato
GOAL:
to rebuild the trust between the Spanish and Filipinos
AGREEMENT:
Revolutionists will surrender in exchange for reforms and amnesties
Major Provisions of Pact ng Biak na Bato
- Implementation of reforms and reduction of taxes and ending the polo y servicio.
- promised to increase government representation, reduce tributo, and issue freedom of the press and secularization of the church - Revolutionary leaders will be exiled to Hong Kong. The nephew of the Governor-General will join the revolutionaries.
- Aguinaldo and other key members of the revolutionary government were exiled with the nephew as collateral - Revolutionary leaders will receive a total of 800,000 Mexican Dollars to be paid in three installments.
- 400k when they leave for HK
- 200K when 800 revolutionary arms are surrendered
- 200k when 1000 arms are surrendered - Amnesty for all revolutionaries who surrender their arms to the Spanish government. A total of 900,000 Mexican Dollars (later reduced to 800,000) will be distributed to the revolutionaries that remain in the Philippines.
After they departed to HK and the Spanish started confiscating arms, Fernando Primo de Tavera declared the end of the Revolution–but it was just entering the second phase.
