MIDTERM: History and Historiography

Question 1

Histography

Answer 1

The process of writing, analyzing, and interpreting history.
Foundation: primary and secondary sources

Question 2

History (Josh, 2016)

Answer 2

• objective discipline
• It is the recreation of past events in chronological order (although it can also be arranged thematically).
• It is a record of the past = relies on historical facts

Question 3

Kasaysayan

Answer 3

• subjective discipline
• “Isang salaysay na may saysay sa mga taong sinasaysayan nito” (Salazar, 1989)
• narrative of the past
• history has a story
• a perspective or point of view is used (it can be both subjective and objective)

Question 4

Historians

Answer 4

• Those who apply the historiographic method in analyzing a society.
• They present and scrutinize historical facts to recreate and interpret past events.

Question 5

Social Historians

Answer 5

those that narrated the experiences of a specific group.

Question 6

Local Historians

Answer 6

those that frame narratives based on the local context.

Question 7

Political Historians

Answer 7

those that look into the power dynamics.

Question 8

Economic Historians

Answer 8

those that analyze how resources are produced and distributed.

Question 9

Cultural Historians

Answer 9

those that explore the evolution of norms and how it impacts social relations.

Question 10

Historiographic Method

Answer 10

history should be based on facts supported by historical data

Question 11

Historical Facts

Answer 11

• objective
• Historical data is taken from the analysis of historical sources (batis pangkasaysayan).

Question 12

Primary Sources

Answer 12

• First-hand Accounts of Events. (Artifacts, Photographs, Audio/Video Recordings, Journals, Speeches, Newspapers, Government Papers)
• Historians always prioritize the use of primary sources and only rely on secondary sources if the primary ones are not available.
• You shouldn’t believe all that you see in primary sources (there can be propaganda + nostalgia)

Question 13

Secondary Source

Answer 13

• Annotations, commentaries, and interpretations of primary sources
• Used to support the primary source
• Can also be used when a historian cannot get a primary source (locator or reference)

Question 14

Are the classifications of sources fixed and predetermined?

Answer 14

• no
• classification depends on the topic which you are researching about
• changing your topic impacts your classification
• a historian must always explain and defend why he classified a source as primary.

Question 15

Historical Imagination

Answer 15

• subjective
• it is the insertion of a historian’s subjectivity to the historical narrative.
• The subjectivity of a historian shapes a narrative, thus, some historians may contradict each other.
• It is the bridge between two historical facts
  This fills in the gaps between historical facts
• Imagination must NEVER contradict established historical facts.

Question 15

Historical Imagination

Answer 15

• subjective
• it is the insertion of a historian’s subjectivity to the historical narrative.
• The subjectivity of a historian shapes a narrative, thus, some historians may contradict each other.
• It is the bridge between two historical facts
  This fills in the gaps between historical facts
• Imagination must NEVER contradict established historical facts.

Question 16

Negative Revisionism

Answer 16

• a result of relying on resources that are not properly peer-reviewed or do not have a proper historical inquiry

Question 17

Revisionism

Answer 17

• Narratives use Historical Facts
• When narratives are revised, revisions need to show their historical facts.
• Revisions are ok as long as it doesn’t go against historical facts

Question 18

External Historical Criticism

Answer 18

• The process of checking the Authenticity of a primary source.

Remember a historian always conducts external criticism first followed by internal criticism.

Questions:
Does the source come from the period/timeframe it alludes to?
Does it use established historical facts about the timeframe (language, photographic format)

Question 19

Internal Historical Criticism

Answer 19

• Checking the Reliability of the source through the identification of biases.
• You have to understand the intention of the author in writing

Questions:
What are the potential biases embedded in the source?

Question 20

Analysis of Sources: Content

Answer 20

• analyzing the content of a document

Process: Raw Document&raquo_space;> Transcribe&raquo_space;> Translate = Content

Question:
What are the narratives, ideas, concepts, etc. embedded within the source?

Question 21

Analysis of Sources: Context

Answer 21

• After providing context, a historian must look for patterns in the document to establish its themes. You can then establish the primary message/idea of a written document from these themes.
• sources must be analyzed using the circumstances of their time.

Process: Content&raquo_space;> Context

Question:
How do the narratives, concepts, and ideas relate to the reality of the historical period?

Question 22

Process of Writing History

Answer 22

1. Select sources
2. Classify sources into primary and secondary sources
3. Authenticate the source through external criticism
4. Check the reliability of the information given through internal criticism
5. Analyze your sources
6. Write and report your findings

Question 23

Imagined Nation

Answer 23

• Benedict Anderson
• a nation is an IMAGINED POLITICAL COMMUNITY that is both limited and sovereign
• Emerged because of print capitalism (read the same news, watch same television shows, hear same stories or myths = shared belief)

Imagined = members cannot all know each other.

Limited = no nation encompasses all of mankind

Sovereign = nations came into being during Enlightenment and for freedom\

Community = a nation is conceived of as a horizontal comradeship of equals

Question 24

History In Nationalism

Answer 24

• History guides us about what kind of nation we will be, what is our identity today, and what is the foundation of the identity of Filipinos today.
• What you remember history to be, defines your nationalism.

“Nationalisms” = iba-iba yung idea natin of what nationalism is in different parts of the Philippines

Question 25

Institutional Memory

Answer 25

• bounds a nation
• is a collective set of facts, concepts, experiences and knowledge held by a group of people.

Question 26

Official Nationalism

Answer 26

• the specific narrative is given by the state
• This is state-sponsored (the reason why everyone studies Rizal/Bonifacio and the Spanish colonization)
• similar memory of history = unity
• this narrative gives the state some form of legitimacy