FINALS: Session 19-20 Flashcards
it is a political project with a goal to protect the access to resources of a specific group of people in society
Oligarchy
Wild Oligarchs
Uncontrolled oligarchs (they control institutions)
They regulate institutions that is supposed to regulate them
Tamed Oligarches
Oligarchs controlled by specific institutions (church, state, etc.)
Warring Oligarchy
Oligarchs are directly engaged in providing coercion that defends their wealth. Oligarchs that are fighting against each other to protect their wealth
Ruled Oligarchy
The collective rule is institutionalized in a governing body exclusively composed of oligarchs
Sultanistic Oligarchy
Single oligarch exercise rule in a direct and personal fashion. Other oligarchs disarmed to a significant degree either through coercion or cooptation (being bribed or manipulated into changing sides)
Civil Oligarchy
All oligarchs fully disarm, cease to rule directly, and hand over the task of wealth defense to an impersonal bureaucratic state
What is Ferdinand Marcos’ Platform?
- to make the Philippines great again
- during the precolonial period; Marcos claimed that we are already a unified state under the name Maharlika (the goal of dictatorship is to recognize/achieve that again)
- Claimed our era of greatness was in pre-colonial philippines where we were all a united and prospering state
- Goal of the dictatorship is to form a great nation that is pure Filipino, separate from colonialism, where a new society will emerge.
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)
- song of the Marcos Regime
- same composers of WW2 New Philippines hymn under the Japanese
Cultural Development Sponsored by Marcos
- state-sponsored, new infrastructure dedicated to culture
Manila Film Center
- workers died because they were rushed to have the sponsored infrastructure ready when hollywood stars arrive.
Tadhana by Ferdinand Marcos
- He didn’t actually write it. Other historians wrote it and he just took credit to make himself look like an intellectual
- Marcos wanted to present himself as the natural outcome of history
These developments weren’t really for the betterment of the economy, the goal was to maintain the political capital of Marcoses
Economic Development Sponsored by Marcos
- These developments weren’t really for the betterment of the economy, the goal was to maintain the political capital of Marcoses
LRT 1
- was a white elephant project before it was privatized in recent years
Green Revolution
- Improve agrarian situations in the Philippines to lessen peasantry
- haciendas/land from specific hacienderos to redistribute to landless farmers
- should’ve paid in investment stocks not cash to the haciendaros
PROBLEM
Marcos cannot do this because of patron-client relations (client=cronies) and he had to monopolize patronage
Rice Exportation 1999
- We exported rice at a losing price to other countries
- We kept going just to say na we exported rice
The Goal of Imelda Marcos in Manila
- The goal is to reject what is ugly
- Slums in manila were removed and displaced to keep manila “clean”
- She started infrastructure projects in Manila in the expense of the people
Media Censorship
- The goal of censorship is to develop the mindset of filipinos, to accept pure citizenship
- filipino under new society is a pure citizen that is not influenced by foreign models
-show specific positive filipino traits ex. bomba films = sex scenes in bahay kubo, drama in the countryside
Edifice Complex
- Attach your image to the infrastructure to retain patron-client patronage.
- policy in which goal is not to develop economy, but to attach ur image to patron-client system (political purpose, not economic)
Crony Capitalism
- Cronies will get power in industries but they decided to hide their wealth in other countries.
Marcos Oppositions
- Revolutionary Oppositions
- Moro Secessionists (MNLF and MILF)
- Communist Party of the Philippines-new people’s army
- Rebels in the Cordilleras - Legal Oppositions
- Members of the old political elites that form small political parties such as Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN) and United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO) - Religious Opposition
- most interesting because it started when they sided with Marcos because of radicalizing priests
- Christians for National Liberation (CNL) and Radical Priests and Pastors
- Catholic Church after the appointment of Cardinal Sin
INCREASED MILITARY BUDGET
- Military service was seen as 1 of the ways to move up the social ladder and it was not for fighting the enemy
- There were also issues within the army that the young members observed resulting in a reformed armed forces movement
ILAGA (Commander Toothpick)
- became popular when an italian priest was murdered; pinakita niya yung bangkay ng pari sa harap ng community and ate his brain
- christian paramilitary group in mindanao
Why did the Marcos Dictatorship Collapse?
- Marcos’ Deteriorating Health
- Economic collapse due to rampant cronyism and politicized fiscal policy
- Dissatisfaction among young military officers, disullusion in AFP
- Assassination of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. and unification of the legal opposition
Necropolitics
when someone dies, people tend to become sympathetic to that individual
1896 Snap Elections
- President Raegan tried to make Marcos have an elections to get some legitimacy
- invalid election
- Opposition slowly leaning towards Cory Aquino (Tarlac); death of Ninoy created martyr mother image for Cory
COMELEC: The winner was Marcos
CIVIL SOCIETY: The winner was Cory - Members of COMELEC walked out
Worsened the PH Political Situation
National Boycott
- Cory Aquino called for Filipinos not to buy from businesses owned by Marcos cronies (Ex. San Miguel)
- ## Quite effective, lessened the income of marcos cronies but it was not sustainable
The aborted coup of RAM
- RAM soldiers will enter Malacanang and take Marcos family, declare military government
- Marcos ordered to arrest coup of RAM, Enrile, Ramos (sought help to Cardinal Sin)
Cardinal Sin’s call at Radio Veritas
- He called on the protests to come together in front of the gate sa Ccamp Krame (now robinsons galleria)
Oath-taking Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel
- Protesters called on to Cory to go sa Camp Krame
- Enrile supported this because he expected Aquino to be a figure head with the power being given to the defense secretary AKA him
- Cory thought that Enrile will use her oath-taking in Camp Krame to make PH a military government (puppet) so they took the oath in Club Filipino
Problem for US: expected na may political stability, CPP-NPA might threaten Aquino’s governement
1992 Elections
To ensure the stability of the State, the Aquino administration prioritized healing and allowed the Marcoses to return to politics in exchange of returning the public funds they stole.
Winner: FIdel V. Ramos (23.58%)
- Cory chose to promote Ramos than her previous VP
1998 Elections
Feeling betrayed by the lack of significant socio-political change after the EDSA Revolution, the masses collectively elected Joseph Ejercito Estrada
Campaign: focused on plight of the masses “Erap para sa Mahirap”
- Faced corruption scandals, led to impeachment case aganist him (jueteng operations)
EDSA Dos (2001)
- elite and middle class
- protests against Erap demanding him to step down after not voting to open the envelope
EDSA Tres
- masses
- protest with the goal to bring back Erap to his position has the president
- Masses felt that the EDSA Republic betrayed them
- Suggested that the masses can actually organize, created fear among elites and middle class
