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Histo 12 > MIDTERM: Malolos Republic - American Colonization > Flashcards

MIDTERM: Malolos Republic - American Colonization Flashcards

1
Q

Malolos Congress

A
  • Main task is to write and ratify a constitution that will establish the first PH republic

Malolos Congress = National Assembly

  • functions as the official legislative body of the First Philippine Republic
  • Unicameral Congress (only one house)
  • Started out with a Strong Executive but became a Strong Legistlature
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2
Q

Malolos Republic

A
  • The first Philippine Republic
  • a government without a king
  • Aguinaldo was the first president with Apolinario Mabini as his right hand man and prime minister (head of the cabinet)
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3
Q

Contradictions: What will Aguinaldo’s role be as President?

A

Should he be a dictator? (strong executive)
Should he be a mere figurehead? (strong legislature)

APOLINARIO MABINI
- wanted a strong executive branch
- argued that a strong legislature would lead to an oligarchy
- With Aguinaldo as a dictator, it would be easier to make decisions in the event that a war with the Americans will happen
- argued that although Aguinaldo does not have much experience with international governance, the cabinet of illustrados are there to coach him
- his dictatorship will be temporary

FELIPE CALDERON
- wanted a strong legislative branch
- argued that having a strong executive is against liberalism
- by establishing a dictatorship, you are increasing the chance of the military taking over power.
- the military loyalty will be based on their personal relationship (the military will be loyal to Aguinaldo and not the republic)
- raised the concern of Aguinaldo’s lack of experience in national governance and foreign affairs

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4
Q

Malolos Constitution

A
  • 1899 Philippine Constitution
  • First Constitution of the Philippines
  • Aguinaldo was declared a dictator
  • National Assembly votes and appoints Chief Justice and Solicitor-General
  • Separation of Church and state
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5
Q

Permanent Commission

A
  • in order to control the strong executive branch of the Malolos government, they created the Permanent Commission
  • it may declare members of both the executive and judiciary branches unfit for service and remove them from office
  • led to a stronger legislature
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6
Q

Contradictions: What will be the relationship between the Church and the State under the Republic?

A

GREGORIO AGLIPAY
- pro-union of church and state
- Argued that Christianity was a unifying force in the Philippines
- Union as a way to resolve the secularization issue
- Transferring of the power to head parishes from Spanish friars to the secular Filipino priests.

APOLINARIO MABINI
- pro-separation of church and state
- not all Filipinos were Catholics
- Religion should not intermingle with state affairs
- if there is unity between church and state–it goes against their sovereignty since the church is controlled by Rome
- Advised that Aglipay should just make his own Filipino church–separate from Rome

  • They decided that they would implement separation of church and state in thee next year but by the time the next year came, the Americans became a problem
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7
Q

Aglipayan Church

A
  • Church of the poor aka Iglesia Filipina Independiente
  • Ilocos
  • 20th Century
  • They don’t recognize the pope but they have an Obispo Maximo
  • Allows women to be priests
  • Extension of the angelical Church
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8
Q

Contradictions: Who will control the Armed Forces?

A

Principales (Local Government)
- Argued that the local governments should be the one in control of the Armed Forces
- It is the traditional role of the local government to control the Armed Forces
- Reminding of the trauma with the Guardia civil and governor-general
- Ability to control the populace even in rural areas
- ‘Imperialist’ Manila

Illustrados (National)
- National government to control the Armed Forces
- Local control will cause warlordism and regionalism
- Question of military loyalty
- American threat (You need a united force to combat the Americans)

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9
Q

Contradiction: How should the Republic address the potential thread posed by the United States?

A

ANTONIO LUNA
- thought the Philippines should attack
- Americans are untrustworthy
- The Americans will eventually send reinforcements and colonize the Philippines
- Argued that they should start the American war sooner before reinforcements come.
They were still defeatable at the start

  • Academia Militar
    Make a military school = a way to military train the Filipinos
  • Aguinaldo agreed

PEDRO PATERNO
- Negotiate with the US
- Threats from other colonial powers
- The US can be a potential ally
- The US shouldn’t be seen as a threat + PH becomes a protectorate of the US
- An alliance with the US will give the PH Foreign recognition

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10
Q

Contradiction: How will the government fund itself?

A
  • Funds for war, funds for operations
  • The government promised to end the taxation process of the Spanish

TAKE A LOAN
1. Multilateral/Bilateral Loaning
- no country recognizes the Philippines as an independent state so no one would allow is to loan

  1. Loan from Provincial Elites
    - Create a loophole in power; the provincial elites are the leaders in the Malolos Congress and then they will be our lenders
    - They’ll take lands as collateral damage (haciendas) when the government cannot pay the loan
    - Loan was approved by Aguinaldo but then it was never enacted since the first republic fell due to the Americans

TAXATION
- To gain funds for government activities
- Attempt to increase the military power
People who are not able to pay taxes must join the military to not pay taxes
- Because of the unkept promise of removing taxes, people started to revolt and rebel against the government

KAGINHANAWAN - peasants were expecting land to be given back to them

CAVITENEO EXEMPTION - caviteneos thought that they would be exempt from taxes since Aguinaldo came from the same province

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11
Q

How did the republic deal with the rebellions around the country?

A
  • military forces

Irony: The PH Republic claimed to result in achieving Kalayaan but in reality, the voice of the masses/peasantry was suppressed via military forces.

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12
Q

White Man’s Burden

A
  • It is the burden of the US to colonize the Philippines
  • To civilize and Christianize the “Half-demons and half child”
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13
Q

Manifest Destiny

A
  • All Americans believed the American Exceptionalism
  • Destiny of the US to expand its territory and teach other people the value of freedom, democracy, and other American values
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14
Q

White Love

A
  • America presented itself as a “father/paternalistic figure”– not an enemy, but will teach freedom and democracy
  • Violence is not a sign of racism, prejudice, or hate but “white love”
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15
Q

Benevolent Assimilation

A
  • Americans are exempting themselves as good colonizers–different from Spanish
  • Shaping narratives of Americans being saviors
  • Mckinley
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16
Q

What triggered the war between the Philippines and Americans?

A
  • Shooting in San Juan City
  • February 4, 1899
  • Americans said Filipinos shot first, and the Filipinos said the Americans shot first sa bridge
  • Americans considered the war as merely an insurrection since they owned the Philippines and the Filipinos were just revolting
  • Philippines saw it as a full-pledged war between two separate states
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17
Q

Plan of Antonio Luna during the PH-Am War

A
  1. Make the war as unpopular to the American public as possible
  2. Prolong the war as long as possible. Making sure that the Americans suffer a high casualty count
  3. If Malolos falls, the military will transition to guerilla warfare
  4. Hope that Mckinley will lose in the next presidential election
  • Will only work if all Filipinos, regardless of class, work together and unite in order to defeat the US
  • There was no unity and the poor were against the republic
  • Armed forces were divided along local lines because they were not loyal to the nation, but to their own principales—no proper chain of command
  • Luna introduced a military school and uniform
  • US propaganda presented the PH as divided, no single nation
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18
Q

First Philippine Commission

A
  • lead by Jacob Gould Schurman
  • Schurman Commission
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19
Q

Jacob Gould Schurman

A
  • Studied the Philippines to propose policies on how to govern the Philippines with Dean Worcester
  • Became the basis/foundation of the Organic Law
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20
Q

Philippine Organic Act 1902

A
  • Established by the US colonial government in the Philippines (territory), the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands in 1902
  • Addressed the concerns of the propaganda movement

SEC 5 - Providing basic rights for all Filipinos, including the right to property and freedom of expression.

SEC 6 - Conducting a census and the publication of such census
- established the idea that the Philippines was not yet a nation by segregating and classifying the population
Purpose of Classification: Justify the colonization of the Americans

SEC 7 - Establishment of an elected Philippine Assembly once peace is formally established in the archipelago and the official census is published
- Pointed out what would be the role of Filipinos in the society
- introduced the Philippine Assembly and Philippine Commission

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21
Q

Philippine Commission

A
  • Functions as the upper house of the legislature
  • Mixture of Filipinos and Americans
    Appointed by the civil governor
  • Exclusive rights to pass laws that involve Moros and the “Non-Christianized groups in the Philippines”
  • US needed to focus their attention in controlling non-Christianized groups and protecting them
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22
Q

Office of the Resident Commissioner

A
  • Filipino representatives sent to the US to represent the Philippines
  • No Voting Power (aka we are not part of the USA)
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23
Q

Philippine Assembly

A
  • Functions as the lower house of the legislature
  • Directly elected by the populace
  • EXCLUSIVE TO FILIPINOS
  • Power to create laws even without the support of the upper house. Except for laws that involve the non-Christianized group
  • Headed by the Assembly Speaker
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24
Q

Second Philippine Commission

A
  • Taft Commission
  • William Howard Taft
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25
Q

Americanistas

A
  • Illustrados who collaborated with the Americans after they addressed the concerns of the propaganda movement
  • Wanted the Philippines to become part of the United States
  • Americanistas composed the partido federal
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26
Q

Partido Federal

A

Americanistas started this partido federal
The main platform is Statehood
- The Philippines will become a part of the United States

Whoever was associated with Partido Federal was given an appointment to the Philippine Commission

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27
Q

Partido Nacionalista

A
  • The party emerged from the merger of small local political parties
  • The main platform was nationhood for the Philippines
  • The Philippines will demand for complete and immediate independence.
  • Provincial elites

Formed alliances with local warlords and officials so they will spread the idea to their people

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28
Q

Partido Progresista

A
  • Partido Federal rebranded as Partido Progresista
  • Urban elites
  • Unpopular platform with the Filipinos because no one was interested anymore in being part of the US
  • Later on rebranded as Partido Democrata
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29
Q

Jones Law of 1906

A

Purpose
- Towards the independence of the Philippines
- Americans established that they will not make the Philippines a state and promised their independence but they never explicitly said when

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30
Q

Division of Partido Nationalistas

A
  • Philippine parties became personality based (more famous) because the parties started having the same platforms such as good governance, freedom, etc.
  • People choose between personality, if you are likable, known, etc.
    Weak parties & Strong Personalities

Colectivistas - Quezon Wing
Unipersonalistas - Osmeña Wing

31
Q

Miguel Malvar

A
  • Remnants of the First Philippine Republic
  • One of the Last generals to surrender to the Americans
  • Successor of the presidential position after Aguinaldo and Trias (VP) were captured
    -Led the remnants of the first philippine republic after the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901

-Americans used scorched earth tactics against Malvar’s forces, forcing him to surrender after one year of struggle in 1902

  • considered the second president of the First Philippine republic
32
Q

Artemio Ricarte

A
  • Remnants of the First Philippine Republic
    Known as Viper/Vibora
  • would get captured but always find a way to escape
  • last general standing
  • refused to take the oath of allegiance to the US
  • was sent to Guam where they were forced to agree to the oath of allegiance
  • continued to refuse and was exiled to HK
  • escaped and went back to the PH but got captured, and then escaped again back to HK
  • sought asylum in Japan where he worked as a Spanish teacher
  • came back to the PH in WW2 as an ally of the Japanese Armed Forces
33
Q

Macario Sakay

A
  • Supporters of the Bonifacio-Faction of the Katipunan
  • Decided to become taong labas, separate from the Malolos Republic–people in the mountains
  • Established the Republika ng Katagalugan
  • First and only president of the Tagalog Republic and organized an army to fight the Americans
  • was a close friend of Bonifacio
  • surrendered in 1906, hanged in 1907
  • considered as the official successor of Malvar for presidency
34
Q

Republika ng Katagalugan

A
  • established in 1902 by Macario Sakay
  • Members of the republic were best known for their long hair (said that they will only cut their hair when freedom is achieved)
  • Mountains of Morong (Rizal Province)
  • To Sakay, they were revolutionaries, not bandits that the US claimed they were
35
Q

Dominador Gomez

A
  • Gomez was a labor union leader, who convinced Sakay to surrender in exchange of a general amnesty
  • Contrary to his claim, Sakay and his men were captured and hanged from 1906-1907
36
Q

Millenarian Movements

A

“Series of movements whose belief systems and societal engagements are structured around the world, the time of final judgment, and/or the second coming of Christ” — William Miller

  • Quasi-religious groups that merge religious and revolutionary ideas
  • had a tripartite view on Philippine History
37
Q

Folk Catholicism/Christianity

A
  • mixing of indigenous beliefs and Catholicism/Christianity
38
Q

Confradia de San Jose

A
  • also known as the Colorum from their well-known saying “Saecula Saeculorum”
  • First political millenarian movement that revolted against the colonial rule (1840-1841)
  • Tayabas province
  • Apolinario Dela Cruz (Hermano Pule) was declared prophet or the “King of the Tagalogs” during the revolution
  • He heard the santong boses ordering him to revolt against the Spanish
    He was captured, killed, dismembered, and displayed by the Spaniards around Manila and its suburbs.

Revived by Juanario Labios in 1870 and declared himself a pope and prophet
- Mt. Malarayat: saw Rizal, Bonifacio, instructed to attack civil guards in Lucena
- Colorum joined the Philippine Revolution but was massacred by the Spaniards

39
Q

Guardia De Honor

A
  • Pangasinan, Tarlac
  • Started by Dominican Friars
  • Religious confraternity with the goal to protect the Virgin of Manaoag in Pangasinan
  • sided with Spain
  • became more and more militant during the PH revolution. They functioned as the primary protector of the dominican friars in the province of Pangasinan and Tarlac.

Baltazar - declared himself as the second coming of Christ and is the God Almighty

  • After the Spanish Rule, Guardia de Honor used their newly strengthened military to raid nearby places
  • They were the true tulisanes and bandoleros
  • Americans crushed the Guardia de Honor, Baltazar was captured and dismembered, and the Americans massacred the people of Cabaruan
40
Q

Santa Iglesia

A
  • most powerful millenarian movement

Established by Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe)
- Colonel in the Revolutionary Army in Pampanga, the latter part of 1900
- assumed title of Pope and Chief Pontiff
- claimed to have received orders from Rizal, Bonifacio, Gomburza, and Santong Bosses to fight the americans

  • Group centered around Mt. Arayat
  • claimed that the sinners that supported the Americans would drown in a great flood that will cleanse the world from evil (Rizal will guide them)
  • Formed army that fought the Americans until 1906
41
Q

What is the importance of Millenarian Movements?

A
  • where the peasantry showed their dissent/disagreement from the republic
  • played important part in politics
  • While most of these millenarian movements were suppressed, their influence were felt even well into the 21st century.
42
Q

Valentin Delos Santos

A
  • Leader of Lapiang Malaya
  • claimed to be the second coming of Bonifacio
  • ran for presidency in 1857
  • The Philippine Constabulary shot at Lapian leading to a massacre.
  • Valentin was arrested and put in an asylum where he was maulled to death
43
Q

Brigandage Act of 1902

A
  • method of suppression by the Americans
  • Bandits are illegal and will be subjected to death
44
Q

Anti-Sedition Law of 1907

A
  • method of suppression by the Americans
  • Anything against/criticizing the government is seditious and people behind the criticism will be imprisoned
45
Q

Flag Act of 1907

A
  • method of suppression by the Americans
  • Any display of the Philippine Flag or Katipunan Flag, or showing of Philippine Nationalism and patriotism is seditious and will be imprisoned
46
Q

Establishment of the Philippine Constabulary

A
  • military method of suppression by the Americans
  • Generals of the Malolos Republic were hired to be part of the Military Police

Constabulary – internal threats
Military – external threats

47
Q

Psychological Warfare

A
  • military method of suppression by the Americans
  • Public executions
  • Coverage of Arresting Subversives
  • Use of Scorched-Earth Tactics
  • They would raid peasant towns to force them into the cities so they can use them as manpower
  • Scorched earth tactics
48
Q

Buwisan System

A
  • Hacienderos lease land to peasants.
  • Peasants will pay rent in full, rent functions like monthly taxation.
    Tenants pay landlord in cash
49
Q

Kasama System

A
  • More capitalistic
  • Hacienderos lease land to inquilinos who will also lease land to the peasants.
  • Peasants will pay through a combination of monthly rent and crop sharing with the inquilinos and hacenderos.
  • The term kasama refers to the peasants who share their crops with their landlords.
  • 60% to the landlord, 40% to the peasants (sometimes 70%:30%)
50
Q

Provinces with TOP Percentages of Tennant Farmers

A
  1. Pampanga
  2. Nueva Ecija
  3. Bulacan
  4. Tarlac
  5. Bataan
51
Q

Why weren’t the Farmers revolting against the unfair system?

A
  • The patron-client relationship between the farmers and the hacienderos
  • Patrons served as paternalistic figures that will take care of their clients, and have the responsibility to provide for their clients (in return, clients must remain loyal because of utang na loob)
  • The reality of oppression is not really felt by the oppressed due to the circumstances of their close relationship with the patron.
52
Q

What caused the start of peasant unrest in central luzon?

A
  • Due to the low tariff rates as a result of being a territory of the US, the kasama system became very popular around the Philippines and the Hacienderos and Inquilinos became super rich
  • many of the patrons started treating the farmers not as clients to take care of but as contractual workers
  • Without patron-client relations, the farmers now feel and see the oppression that they experience
  • As a result of this, Farmers started to unionize to protect themselves
53
Q

What crop is Central Luzon known for?

A

Sugar cane

54
Q

Which province is known for its sugar during the 1920s-30s

A

Negros

55
Q

True Independence

A

“A return to the ideals of katipunan. Brotherhood, and enlightenment of the loob must be prioritized over business and commerce. The US should not interfere in the internal and external sovereignty of the Philippines. Love for Ynang Bayan must be prioritized over elite nationalism”

  • build nationalism first and then independence when we r ready basically
56
Q

Immediate Independence

A

“The US must give the Philippines its independence immediately without any compromise and transition period”

  • No time to compromise because this may give the upper hand to the hacienderos
  • The farmers did not want their own land, they wanted to return the kasama system—the patron-client system
57
Q

Result of the Peasant Uprisings

A
  • Farmers stopped giving the 60% to the hacienderos
  • Hacienderos went to the constabulary
  • Many massacres from the PH Constabulary happened as a result
  • They had no other choice but to join a political party to make a difference
58
Q

Partido Sakdal

A
  • Started by Benigno Ramos
  • Ramos decided to leave Nacionalista Party, fight for the farmers, and create a platform for them through Partido Sakdal
  • Pro-Independence
  • Exposed scandals and problems of the Nacionalista Party (Bomba=political scandal)
    The newspaper was popular among the masses

Objectives:
1. Investigation of Religious Lands
2. Formation of 500,000 man Philippine Army
3. Teaching Native Dialects in public schools
4. Retention of lawyers to defend the poor
5. Reduction of official salaries
6. Pay increase for teachers, policemen, and laborers
7. Adoption of voting machines to avoid voters fraud

59
Q

Sakdal Logo Meanings

A

Star = light, diwata
Heart = love and devotion
Hand = struggle for independence, fight for the Filipino people

60
Q

Result of Sakdal Uprising

A
  • Massacres happened as a result
  • Quezon named Sakdal as an illegal group
  • Ramos was arrested after arriving in Japan
  • Renamed PARTIDO GANAP (immediate), members became Japanese collaborators
61
Q

Peasant Unions

A
  • Kabesang Tales
  • Samahang Magsasaka
  • Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis ng Pilipinas
  • Aguman ding Malding Talagapobra
  • Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magsasaka ng Pilipinas (KMMP)

None of them teamed up with partido sakdal because they thought that partido sakdal was sketchy for colluding with the japanese
- they teamed up with communists and left wing grouns

62
Q

Isabelo Delos Reyes

A
  • Father of the Philippine Left
  • Illocano
  • one of the first Filipino anthropologists
  • Chief theoretician of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Aglipayan Church)
  • Established the first labor union in the Philippines (Union Obrera Democratica), collapsed in 1910
63
Q

Cristanto Evangelista

A
  • First communist leader in the philippines
  • A member of the Nacionalista Party, but he defected because of policy differences.
  • Founded the Partido Obrero de Filipinas (Progressive Workers Party), the first left-wing political party in the Philippines (20s)
  • Founder of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP)
  • Prominent defender of trade unions and workers’ rights during the American Colonial Period
64
Q

Pedro Abad Santos

A
  • Pampanga
  • Studied in the Lenin Institute in Moscow, Soviet Union
  • Embraced Marxist ideals
  • PKP was banned by Supreme Court, Santos left to establish Partido Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (PSP)
65
Q

Communist Party of the Philippines (1938)

A
  • PKP and PSP merged
  • CPP had a good relationship with the Quezon Administration
66
Q

What triggered the failures of Independence Missions?

A
  • the US did not want to let the Philippines be independent yet.
  • all independence missions before 1930s failed

Governor-General Wood was against the FIlipinization
- The missions failed because of the American’s insistence on keeping the Philippines and the rivalry between Quezon and Osmeña

67
Q

Why was Governor-General Wood Getting mad?

A
  • The expenses of the Philippines was too much.
  • Osmeña and Quezon wanted to build so many infrastructures (e.g., buildings, roads) to make Manila similar to Venice.
  • They almost bankrupted the colonial economy.
68
Q

What caused the sudden success of Independence Missions?

A

AMERICAN GREAT DEPRESSION - the economy collapsed: many employees lost their jobs and businesses had to close down.
- the ability of America to pay for colonial expenses lessened

SUGAR COMPETITION - American sugar farmers wanted the Philippines to gain independence so that there would be less competition in the market.
- Political pressure on the American working class to give the Philippines their independence.

69
Q

Hare-Hawes Cutting Act of 1933

A
  • Osmena-Roxas mission

Transition Year - 10
Security - American Bases will Remain
Immigration - no immigration cap
Constitution - YES

  • Was not passed in the Philippine senate because Quezon was the senate president and he didn’t want Osmena to be the one recognized for getting the Philippines its independence
  • they did not like the provision with the US military staying in the PH
70
Q

Tydings Mcduffie Act

A
  • Quezon Mission

Transition year - 10
Security - No Decision: To be decided after Independence
Immigration - 50 immigration cap
Constitution - YES

  • secured the support of both the senate and house of representatives
  • was a more favorable independence bill for the Philippines (not really)
71
Q

1935 Philippine Constitution

A
  • President and Vice President to be elected for one 6-year term.
  • Resident Commissioner will represent the United States in the Philippines (symbolic) aka No Voting Power
  • Unicameral Legislature (National Assembly)
  • Bill of Rights
  • Amended in 1940
72
Q

1940 Amendment of the 1935 Constitution

A
  • President and Vice President to be elected for a 4-year term with the possibility of reelection
  • No Resident Commissioner
  • Bicameral Legislature (Senate and House of Representatives)
  • Elections will be handled by the Electoral Commission
  • Social Justice Program

PURPOSE: in order to pattern Philippine politics with American politics.

73
Q

Candidates of the 1935 Election

A
  1. MANUEL QUEZON
    - Standard-bearer of Nacionalista Party
    - Platform of continuity and absolute independence
    - Supported by politicians (national, local level) and the economic elites.
  2. EMILIO AGUINALDO
    - Standard bearer of the National Socialist Party.
    A coalition composed of the Sakdal Party, Kapampangan Socialists, Filipino Fascist, Veterans of the Philippine Revolution, and Civil Union Group of Vicente Sotto
  • Supported by a portion of the masses and cavitenos.
  1. GREGORIO AGLIPAY
    - Standard bearer of the Republican Party of the Philippines
    - Supported by labor unions, Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, and peasant unions.
    (friends with Isabelo Delos Reyes)
    - Supported by a portion of the masses.
  2. PASCUAL RACUYAL
    - Ran as an Independent
    - Supported by his family

Histo 12 (5 decks)

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