Midterm Section 3.1 - Cardiovascular/Respiratory System + Carbohydrates Flashcards
which is the omega carbon
carbon in (unreactive) methyl end
which is higher in saturated fat, butter or coconut oil?
coconut oil is 90% saturated fat, butter is only 60%
fatty acid chain lengths
long: > 16 C
medium: 8-14 C
short: 2-6 C
oils highest in polyunsaturated FA
oils highest in omega 9
oils highest in omega 3
sunflower, corn oil, soybean oil, canola and peanut
olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil
grapeseed, canola, flaxseed and walnut
omega 6 pathway
- linoleic acid
- GLA
- DGLA
- AA
- Adrenic Acid
omega 3 pathway
- Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
- stearidonic acid
- Eicosatetraenoic acid
- EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)
- Docosapentaenoic acid
- DHA (docosahexanoic acid)
why are ratios of omega 3/6 eaten at one time important?
ideal ratio and RDA
because they utilize the same enzymes to convert to EPA/DHA (competition)
8:1 (w6:w3)
RDA is 1g/day, or 5-10% total calories w6 and .6-1.2% total calories w3
eicosanoids function
20 C molecules
omega 6: increasing blood clotting, platelet aggregation and blood pressure
omega 3: decrease blood clotting, platelet aggregation and blood pressure
sterols are
a type of lipid
4 interconnecting rings of carbon
phytosterols and cholesterol - precursor for bile synthesis, steroid hormones, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane components
bile is made up of
amount produced
bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments (bilirubin), electrolytes and water
400-800 mL made per day
longest FA that can be absorbed into portal vein
up to 12 carbons long (short, medium FA and glycerol)
where are chylomicrons made
in the brush border cells of the villi, inside golgi apparatus small and medium FA are repackaged into chylomicrons
what are apolipoproteins?
proteins embedded in lipoproteins
lipoproteins smallest to largest
each is highest in:
HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons
HDL - protein
LDL - cholesterol
VLDL - triglycerides and phospholipids
chylomicrons - triglycerides
lipoprotein pathway starting from dietary fats
- chylomicrons get smaller as they give triglycerides to cells and then return to liver for recycling
- liver combines TG and adds to VLDL, who hands out TG to cells, shrinks and becomes LDL
- LDL loaded with cholesterol binds with receptor on liver (more receptors = more cholesterol removed from the blood)
- HDL is made by liver to pick up cholesterol from cells and return to liver for excretion
what are adipokines?
inflammatory signaling molecules produced by adipocytes
catabolic fasted state pathway for lipids
- hormone sensitive lipase hydrolyses TG in response to adrenal hormones (and indirectly glucagon)
- since FA are toxic, they are bound by albumin to be brought to cells
- FA are broken down into acetyl coA and used for energy
anabolic fed state pathway for lipids
- TG from VLDL and chylomicrons are broken down by lipoprotein lipase to be transported into adipose cells
- TG are reformed inside adipose cells for storage
Fed state causes
Fasted state causes
FED: Increased: insulin, chylomicrons, lipogenesis, VLDL release, lipoprotein lipase
FASTED: Decreased insulin, Increased glucagon, hormone sensiitive lipase, oxidation of FA by cells
what is Orlistat?
pancreatic lipase inhibitor, decreases fat absorption by 30%
causes steatorrhea - fatty stools
atherosclerosis pathway
- circulating modified (oxidized) LDL embeds in artery walls
- macrophages come to engulf LDL, becoming foam cells
- fibrous cap/plaque forms on top along with continued smooth muscle proliferation and connective tissue deposition
- lesions and clotting (thrombosis or embolus-traveling clot) and inflammation
endogenous and exogenous cholesterol production
800-1500 mg/day
200-300 mg/day from diet
what increases and decreases cholesterol?
increased by saturated fat and alcohol (metabolized as acetyl coA)
decreased by MUFA and PUFA consumption, soluble fiber, phytosterols
how do statins, EZ and Repatha work?
statins - competitive inhibitor to reduce cholesterol production by liver
EZ - inhibit cholesterol transport
Repatha - increase LDL receptors on liver
narinogen causes
found in grapefruit, can increase or decrease efficacy of drugs through metabolism and transport
what is apoB
the apolipoprotein B, only one per LDL molecule, works as better marker of cholesterol levels than just LDL
