Midterm Section 3.1 - Cardiovascular/Respiratory System + Carbohydrates

Question 1

which is the omega carbon

Answer 1

carbon in (unreactive) methyl end

Question 2

which is higher in saturated fat, butter or coconut oil?

Answer 2

coconut oil is 90% saturated fat, butter is only 60%

Question 3

fatty acid chain lengths

Answer 3

long: > 16 C
medium: 8-14 C
short: 2-6 C

Question 4

oils highest in polyunsaturated FA
oils highest in omega 9
oils highest in omega 3

Answer 4

sunflower, corn oil, soybean oil, canola and peanut
olive oil, peanut oil and canola oil
grapeseed, canola, flaxseed and walnut

Question 5

omega 6 pathway

Answer 5

1. linoleic acid
2. GLA
3. DGLA
4. AA
5. Adrenic Acid

Question 6

omega 3 pathway

Answer 6

1. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
2. stearidonic acid
3. Eicosatetraenoic acid
4. EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)
5. Docosapentaenoic acid
6. DHA (docosahexanoic acid)

Question 7

why are ratios of omega 3/6 eaten at one time important?
ideal ratio and RDA

Answer 7

because they utilize the same enzymes to convert to EPA/DHA (competition)
8:1 (w6:w3)
RDA is 1g/day, or 5-10% total calories w6 and .6-1.2% total calories w3

Question 8

eicosanoids function

Answer 8

20 C molecules
omega 6: increasing blood clotting, platelet aggregation and blood pressure
omega 3: decrease blood clotting, platelet aggregation and blood pressure

Question 9

sterols are

Answer 9

a type of lipid
4 interconnecting rings of carbon
phytosterols and cholesterol - precursor for bile synthesis, steroid hormones, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane components

Question 10

bile is made up of
amount produced

Answer 10

bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments (bilirubin), electrolytes and water
400-800 mL made per day

Question 11

longest FA that can be absorbed into portal vein

Answer 11

up to 12 carbons long (short, medium FA and glycerol)

Question 12

where are chylomicrons made

Answer 12

in the brush border cells of the villi, inside golgi apparatus small and medium FA are repackaged into chylomicrons

Question 13

what are apolipoproteins?

Answer 13

proteins embedded in lipoproteins

Question 14

lipoproteins smallest to largest
each is highest in:

Answer 14

HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons
HDL - protein
LDL - cholesterol
VLDL - triglycerides and phospholipids
chylomicrons - triglycerides

Question 15

lipoprotein pathway starting from dietary fats

Answer 15

1. chylomicrons get smaller as they give triglycerides to cells and then return to liver for recycling
2. liver combines TG and adds to VLDL, who hands out TG to cells, shrinks and becomes LDL
3. LDL loaded with cholesterol binds with receptor on liver (more receptors = more cholesterol removed from the blood)
4. HDL is made by liver to pick up cholesterol from cells and return to liver for excretion

Question 16

what are adipokines?

Answer 16

inflammatory signaling molecules produced by adipocytes

Question 17

catabolic fasted state pathway for lipids

Answer 17

1. hormone sensitive lipase hydrolyses TG in response to adrenal hormones (and indirectly glucagon)
2. since FA are toxic, they are bound by albumin to be brought to cells
3. FA are broken down into acetyl coA and used for energy

Question 18

anabolic fed state pathway for lipids

Answer 18

1. TG from VLDL and chylomicrons are broken down by lipoprotein lipase to be transported into adipose cells
2. TG are reformed inside adipose cells for storage

Question 19

Fed state causes
Fasted state causes

Answer 19

FED: Increased: insulin, chylomicrons, lipogenesis, VLDL release, lipoprotein lipase
FASTED: Decreased insulin, Increased glucagon, hormone sensiitive lipase, oxidation of FA by cells

Question 20

what is Orlistat?

Answer 20

pancreatic lipase inhibitor, decreases fat absorption by 30%
causes steatorrhea - fatty stools

Question 21

atherosclerosis pathway

Answer 21

1. circulating modified (oxidized) LDL embeds in artery walls
2. macrophages come to engulf LDL, becoming foam cells
3. fibrous cap/plaque forms on top along with continued smooth muscle proliferation and connective tissue deposition
4. lesions and clotting (thrombosis or embolus-traveling clot) and inflammation

Question 22

endogenous and exogenous cholesterol production

Answer 22

800-1500 mg/day
200-300 mg/day from diet

Question 23

what increases and decreases cholesterol?

Answer 23

increased by saturated fat and alcohol (metabolized as acetyl coA)
decreased by MUFA and PUFA consumption, soluble fiber, phytosterols

Question 24

how do statins, EZ and Repatha work?

Answer 24

statins - competitive inhibitor to reduce cholesterol production by liver
EZ - inhibit cholesterol transport
Repatha - increase LDL receptors on liver

Question 25

narinogen causes

Answer 25

found in grapefruit, can increase or decrease efficacy of drugs through metabolism and transport

Question 26

what is apoB

Answer 26

the apolipoprotein B, only one per LDL molecule, works as better marker of cholesterol levels than just LDL