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NUTR 207 > Midterm 1 Section 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

arteries vs. veins

A

arteries - thick walled, wide lumen, dynamic size, smooth inner epithelium
- bright red, oxygenated blood coming from the heart
veins - thinner walled, smooth inner epithelium, withstand less pressure
- more superficially located than the arteries
- lower pressure, dark purple blood

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2
Q

hepatic artery and vein, and hepatic portal vein

A

oxygen rich blood via the hepatic artery, and leaves he liver through the hepatic vein
Most absorbed nutrients/toxins are redirected to liver first through hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

circulatory system starting from the right side of the heart

A
  • deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae
  • right atrium to right ventricle, then it is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where blood is oxygenated
  • from lungs to left atrium via the pulmonary vein, into the left ventricle and pumped into the aorta
  • from aorta to the body, digestive system and hepatic artery
  • fats are absorbed into the lymphatic system
  • deoxygenated blood returns from capillaries to the veins
  • at the subclavian vein lymph enters the blood stream
  • deoxygenated blood returns to the vena cavae and back to the right side of the heart
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4
Q

about the lymphatic system

A

has no pump, circulates one way (relies on movement of body)
circulates between cells and collects into tiny vessels
contains chylomicron lipoproteins to transport fat and fat-soluble vitamins

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5
Q

angina vs. myocardial infarction

A

angina - chest pain from heart working harder due to blockage
myocardial infarction - full blockage causing loss of blood flow and death of the artery

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6
Q

cardiac output and peripheral resistance definitions

A

volume of blood pumped out within a time period
resistance to pumped blood by arterioles (constricting and dialating)

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7
Q

what is metabolic syndrome?

A

collection of at least 3: abdominal obesity, triglycerides >150 mg/dL, HDL <40 mg/dL (men) or <50 mg/dL (women), blood pressure > 130/85 mm Hg, fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL

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8
Q

pharynx position

A

at the back of the mouth, connecting point of the respiratory system and GI
the epiglottis covers the trachea below

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9
Q

types of amylase

A

salivary amylase - in saliva to begin to digest complex carbs

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10
Q

small intestine sections

A

duodenum - bile and pancreatic juice excreted
jejunum
ileum - high surface area for absorption

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11
Q

large intestine sections

A

ascending (right side), transverse, descending (left side), sigmoid

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12
Q

how the diaphragm moves

A

with inhale intercostals raise, diaphragm contracts and moves downward to decrease air pressure in lungs
with exhale, intercostals lower, diaphragm relaxes and moves upward to decrease air pressure and force air out of lungs

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13
Q

stomach description

A

3 layers of muscle, mucous lined epithelium
liquifies food content into chyme
release of HCl, intrinsic factor

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14
Q

sphincters around the stomach and intestines

A

cardiac sphincter - between esophagus and stomach
pyloric sphincter - between stomach and duodenum
ileocecal valve - between small intestine and colon
anus - only active control sphincter

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15
Q

gastrin hormone job

A

signals HCl release into stomach until pH 1.5 (negative feedback)
activates pepsinogen into pepsin
increases peristalsis

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16
Q

pH range extremes for blood

A

6.8-8 pH

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17
Q

mesentery and peritoneum

A

connective tissue that holds organs in place in the abdominal cavity and provides bloodflow inside the peritoneal cavity
peritoneum - tissues that line and pad the abdominal cavity and organs

18
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

behind the peritoneum - pancreas, duodenum, and rectum

19
Q

greater and lesser omentum

A

part of the peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach (greater), and liver (lesser)

20
Q

intestinal folds in order of decreasing size

A

plicae, villi (lacteal vessel and capillaries inside) microvilli (brush border)

21
Q

Gastrin pathway

A

Responds to: food in the stomach
Secreted from: cells lining the stomach
Stimulates: HCl release
Response: pepsinogen activated into pepsin

22
Q

Secretin pathway

A

Responds to: fatty chyme in the SI
Secreted from: duodenal wall
Stimulates: pancreatin release and bile production
Response: Release of pancreatic juice/enzymes into duodenum

23
Q

Parietal cells release

A

in stomach, release HCl and intrinsic factor

24
Q

Cholecystokinin pathway

A

Responds to: fatty chyme in the SI
Secreted from: intestine wall
Stimulates: gallbladder contractions
Response: more bile released via the common bile duct, slows GI tract motility

25
Q

primary functions of the liver

A

bile production and excretion
first pass metabolism, nutrients from hepatic portal vein
metabolism of macronutrients
storage of glycogen and of some minerals and vitamins
synthesis of albumin (plasma proteins) and clotting factors
metabolite detox and purification (activating or inactivating drugs)

26
Q

Pancreatic juice functions and contains

A

slightly alkaline, bicarb buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme, inactivates pepsin and creates optimal pH (7.1-8.2) for digestive enzymes
pancreatic amylase, proteases, pancreatic lipase, and bicarb (pH 9)

27
Q

endocrine vs. exocrine
pancreatic examples

A

endocrine - no ducts, released freely into circulation, hormones
- insulin, glucagon by Islet cells
exocrine - via ducts to external spaces
- acinar cells produce digestive enzymes, through pancreatic duct into SI

28
Q

crypts are

A

glands between intestinal villi on intestinal epithelium where cells are born (migrate up)

29
Q

goblet cells are

A

specialized epithelial cells in on villi and colon epithelium that secret mucins

30
Q

where are brush border enzymes?

A

secreted by villi cells, and cover the microvilli for a final push of digestion

31
Q

what is a portal system?

A

a system of blood vessels that begins and ends in capillaries
ex. hepatic portal from GI to liver for metabolism

32
Q

colon functions

A

reabsorption of water and electrolytes
absorption of vitamins and SCFAs made by bacteria
compaction and storage of feces

33
Q

what is a segment of the colon called?

A

a haustra

34
Q

microbiota functions

A

100 trillion bacteria: ferment fibers, produce SCFAs, vitamin K, biotin, folate and metabolic regulation
recycle bile acids
role in chronic diseases (autoimmune, obesity and psychological)

35
Q

C difficile is

A

Clostridium difficile - pathogenic bacteria in large intestine and destroys colon wall, produces destructive diarrhea

36
Q

Percent water reabsorbed and lost in SI and colon

A

40% water reabsorbed in SI, 11% reabsorbed in colon
1-2% water lost through feces

37
Q

colon anatomy layers

A

simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells, intestinal crypts, muscularis mucosa, sub mucosa, serosa (peritineal)

38
Q

what happens in ulcerative colitis?

A

degradation of crypts, turnover of cells doesn’t happen and destroys lining of the colon

39
Q

dysphagia vs. choking

A

dysphagia - chronic condition where epiglottis doesn’t function properly, requires texturizing food
choking - acute situation where epiglottis doesn’t shut off larynx and bolus gets stuck in trachea instead of going down esophagus

40
Q

transit times (24 hours total)

A

mouth: less than 1 minute
stomach: 1-2 hours
small intestine: 7-8 hours
colon: 12-14 hours

41
Q

Nerve response in stomach

A

nerve receptors respond to food in stomach
stimulate gastric glands to secrete and muscles to contract
emptied stomach no longer stimulates these nerves

42
Q

how does pancreas know which enzymes to secrete?

A

Hormones from GI tract signal to pancreas which enzymes are needed. This is why sudden dietary changes can cause upset

NUTR 207 (14 decks)

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