Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 207 > Midterm 2 Section 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

types of energy

A

capacity to do work: heat, mechanical and electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

percentages of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolism (50-65%)
thermic effect of food (5-10%)
physical activity (25-50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

basal metabolism =

A

activities to keep the body functioning to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

factors that affect BMR

A

fasting/starvation/malnutrition - lowers BMR
lean body mass, thin tall people and some life stages (children, adolescents and pregnancy) - increases BMR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conditions for measuring BMR
If conditions are not met, what are you measuring?

A

indirect calorimetry used
relaxing, reclining, awake, thermo-neutral environment, post absorptive state, and no heavy physical activity in last 12 hours
RMR - resting metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

physical activity =
exercise =

A

voluntary muscle movement
structured voluntary movement with goal of improving fitness parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the 3500 rule?
Why is it not accurate?
where does the rule come from?

A

1 lb of fat = 3500 kcal
water loss first, adaptation to restriction
metabolic adaptation - BMR lowers in response
gender differences
1lb/454g body fat is 87% fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is EER based on EAR not RDA?

A

accounts for weight, height, age, gender, and physical activity giving +/- 20% error
avoid people over consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EER = TEE

A

Estimated Energy Requirement = Total Energy Expenditure
Men: 662 - (9.53 x years) + PA x [(15.91 x kg) + (539.6 x meters)]
Women: 354 - (6.91 x years) + PA x [(9.36 x kg) + (726 x meters)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PA values sedentary - very active

A

1.00- 1.39 sedentary
1.40 - 1.59 low activity
1.6 - 1.89 active
1.9 - 2.5 very active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

definition of hunger and influences

A

physiological influences: empty stomach, gastric contractions, absence of nutrients in small intestine, endorphins
sensory influences: endorphins triggered by sensory input of food which enhances desire
hunger produces impulse to eat
size and composition of meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cognitive influences on why we continue to eat

A

social stimulation, perception of hunger or awareness of fullness, favorite foods or foods with special meaning, time of day, abundance of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

satiation definition and influences

A

definition - short term feeling of fullness
post-ingestive influences: food in stomach triggers stretch receptors
nutrients in small intestine elicit hormones (like cholecystokinin which slows gastric emptying)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

definition of satiety and influences

A

long term feeling of fullness
post-absorptive influences: nutrients in blood signal to brain that they are available
decreasing nutrients in blood signals hunger again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 areas that influence appetite control
hormones that influence appetite

A

both psychological and sensory influenced
cognition (knowing what is good or bad for us), homeostasis (hunger cues) and reward systems (strong, craves foods we like for quick energy)
ghrelin, insulin, leptin, GLP-1, and serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

leptin function, production and regulation

A

function: suppresses appetite and food intake between meals
production: hormone made by adipose tissue, some produced in stomach
regulation: negatively regulated, increased adipose tissue stimulates leptin (decreases appetite)
decreased body fat suppresses leptin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

leptin resistance

A

body becomes desensitized to leptin signaling
normally high leptin signals hypothalamus to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ghrelin function, production and regulation

A

Function: increases food intake by signaling hunger, prepares for consumption by increasing gastric motility and gastric acid secretion
Production: produced in the GI tract, especially the stomach
Regulation: levels are highest before meals when hungry and lowest after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

satiating foods

A

protein - amino acids sensed by the brain and has a high thermogenic effect
fat, dietary fibre, water and puffed up with air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

BMI definition
classifications

A

kg/m^2
definition: BMI is a cheap, easy and available generalized screening tool to categorize people into weight related risk categories
classifications: underweight < 18.5, healthy 18.5 - 24.9, overweight 25.0-29.9, class 1 obese 30-34.5, class 2 35-39.5, class 3 > 40+
normal weight gives the least health risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

higher BMI for people over 65

A

healthy BMI from 22-27 to act as protective reserves for injury and illness

22
Q

limits of BMI

A

does not distinguish body comp (muscular vs over fat)
no reference to where fat is
ethnicity differences ignored
level of health risk from other factors (smoking, family history…etc)

23
Q

definition of healthy body weight

A

a weight that does not increase risk of disease

24
Q

fat distribution and types

A

subcutaneous vs visceral (central obesity) vs ectopic
android body fat distribution - apple shape, increased fat in chest and abdomen
gynoid body fat - pear shaped, increased lower body fat, lower risk of disease compared to android

25
Q

visceral fat indication waist circumference

A

men: >= 102 cm/40”
women: >= 88cm/35”

26
Q

ectopic fat

A

fat that accumulates in organs such as heart, liver, pancreas and muscles

27
Q

women have what percent more body fat than men at the same BMI?
BMI to percent body fat BMI 18.5, 30 and 40

A

12% more
18.5 BMI –> 12-19%/25-32% body fat
30 BMI –> 27-32%/40-44% body fat
40 BMI –> 34-38%/46-49% body fat

28
Q

health problems associated with overweight and underweight

A

overweight: type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer
underweight: undernutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, immunoincompetance

29
Q

stages of fat cell proliferation

A

during growth fat cells increase in number
increased energy intake than expenditure, fat cells grow in size
after fat cells have enlarged (20x original size), increase in # again
with fat loss cells shrink in size but not number

30
Q

fat cell hyperplasia definition
fat cell hypertrophy definition

A

increased replication rate
increase in cell size

31
Q

liposuction weight gain side effects

A

new fat cells can develop again and as well as in weird places like ankles and wrists

32
Q

LPL in obese people

A

higher LPL for hydrolyzes triglycerides passing in bloodstream for fat deposition
LPL is higher in women in breasts, hips and thighs
LPL is higher for men in abdomen

33
Q

set point theory

A

body strives to achieve homeostasis, hypothalamus makes adjustments to return to set point of weight
BMR slows when food intake decreases, adaptive energy expenditure
leads to yo-yo dieting

34
Q

US vs. Canada BMI categories

A

> 40 in US, >35 in Canada is clinically severe

35
Q

biggest loser study

A

began with DEXA scan and indirect calorimeter
of the 14, only 1 kept weight off after 6 years
Despite regaining weight, after severe weight loss RMR remains decreased
Suggests the body adapts to significant weight loss
shrinking fat cells produce less leptin. by end of competition, contestants were constantly hungry and thyroid had slowed
none of this rebounded after drastic weight loss
weight regain occurred easily despite eating less than ever

36
Q

metabolic adaptation

A

if energy is restricted and there is weight loss, hypothalamus will direct metabolism to maintain energy reserves (slow metabolism and energy expenditure)

37
Q

weight bias definition
examples

A

negative attitudes, beliefs, judgements, stereotypes and discriminatory acts aimed at individuals because of their weight
doctors responding negatively to patients, lack of access to appropriately sized medical amenities, prejudice from coworkers, stigmatized media

38
Q

weight bias contributes to weight gain how?

A

people believe the bias and that being overweight is a moral failing, it is stressful, increasing eating induced by increased cortisol, increases weight gain and the cycle continues,

39
Q

Obesity Canada 2020 Clinical practice Guide positives and negative

A

creating guidelines for healthcare practitioners to address weight bias
focuses on improving health and well being, rather than focusing just on weight loss
identifies obesity as a chronic disease which calls for multidisciplinary treatments
no mention of food landscape

40
Q

overweight and obesity stats

A

steady increase of obesity (all classes, especially 2 and above) since 1990
overweight category has remained consistent
due to decreased levels of physical activity, epigenetics and increased processed food intake

41
Q

definition of obesity

A

complex disease in which abnormal or excess body fat impairs health

42
Q

steps in the patient journey in obesity management

A

1) ask permission to discuss it
2) assess their story (goals and severity)
3) nutritional therapy, exercise and other referrals (surgery, psychologist, meds)
4) agree on goals
5) assist with barriers and drivers

43
Q

non weight related goals

A

improved blood glucose control, decreased blood pressure, blood lipids, and increased physical fitness
health at every size, no diet approach, no counting kcal, healthy eating, physical activity, mindful eating

44
Q

protein intake during weight loss

A

increased satiety, protects lean tissue, 1.2-1.6 g per kg body weight or 35% of energy

45
Q

high GL ultraprocessed foods relating to obesity

A

increased fat deposition in the body resulting from hormonal response to high glycemic load/hyperpalatable diet drives positive energy balance (eat more and gain more)
people eat less unprocessed foods at one time than ultraprocessed

46
Q

physical activity advantages for weight loss

A

increased metabolism, improved body comp, increased health benefits, reduced appetite after exercising, stress reduction

47
Q

types of bariatric surgery
complications
candidates

A

sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, duodenal switch
infections, nausea/vomiting, dehydration, nutrient deficiencies, psychological problems, reduction of immune system
no metabolic adaptation as seen with weight loss
with BMI over 40 or over 35 with an obesity related disease
adjustable gastric band not accepted in Canada

48
Q

sleeve gastrectomy

A

2/3 stomach removed leaving sleeve/tube behind
affects metabolically active tissues and hormones
produces smallest weight loss

49
Q

gastric bypass

A

restrict stomach to smaller size (from football to egg sized) using a band (nothing removed), and reconnect SI to bypass first part
middle weight loss effects
reversible procedure if necessary
risk of malabsorption of nutrients

50
Q

duodenal switch

A

sleeve gastrectomy + bypassing 80% of SI
risk of malabsorption of nutrients
largest weight loss as a result
very invasive, only for BMI over 70

51
Q

Orlistat

A

AKA Xenical
inhibits pancreatic lipase, blocks fat absorption by 30%
side effects: gas, frequent bowel movements, reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins

NUTR 207 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions