Midterm Review2 Flashcards
Renaissance
1400-1600
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Nicolas Copernicus
(1473-1543) concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system. Heliocentric Theory or Copernicus Theory. He wrote “On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”
Galileo
He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.
Descartes
(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. “I think, therefor I am”
Ming Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
Neo-Confucianism
A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements
Civil Service Examinations
Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han origins.
Forbidden Palace
new imperial palace built in Beijing during Ming dynasty
Mandate of Heaven
A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
Canton system
a system to control forign trade which confined all trading to the port of Canton
Qing Dynasty
(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,
Tokugawa Shogunate
(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.
Samurai
Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.
Seclusion Laws
1633-1639, restricted leaving to those with a license, only trade with China and Dutch at Nagasaki- because not christians
Christianity in China and Japan
Jesuits; attracted few converts; Christianity is exclusive; if the people converted, they would be believing that their own traditions were subservient to Christianity, and they did not want that
Enlightenment
18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth
Popular Sovereignty
A government in which the people rule by their own consent.
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Encyclopedie of Diderot
collective work of philosophers who all contributed articles on various subject
Adam Smith
(1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(1712-1778) Swiss-French political philosopher; he valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work On the Origin of Inequality.
French Revolution
1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.
Estates General
France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A document drafted by the National Assembly promising all men their natural rights and the freedom of expression. No mechanism to enforce these rights
Robespierre
A French political leader of the 18th century. A Jacobin, a radical leader of the French Revolution. Headed the Committee of Public Safety, responsible for the Reign of Terror, was later executed.
Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s nation
Patriotism
A sense of pride in one’s country
Romanticism
19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason
Kalevala
It is a compilation of Finnish myths and is the national epic of Finland. One character builds his wife out of gold. A mill that creates gold, sampo, and a witch Kullervo are mentioned.
German Unification
1990 after fall of the Berlin wall, joining of currencies.
Italian Unification
1815 congress of Vienna, end of the Napoleanic rule. European powers redrew boundaries in Europe to maintain balance of power. Leaders of unification included Guiseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and the first king of united Italy was Victor Emmanuel II
Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
Luddites
Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
Urbanization
1800 - 1890
Irish Famine
This was the 19th century’s worst human tragedy. A potato blight wiped out the crop in Ireland, which was the main food source. Millions died (a quarter of the population) and around a million left. England’s response was limited by respect of the rules of liberal economics and the rights of property. The English also continued to export Irish wheat to England. Landlords forced the Irish peasants off their land and this famine stimulated the Irish hatred of British rule.
Sadler Report
A report on child labor conditons that led to new laws against child labor because of bad working conditions.
Second Industrial Revolution
(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.
19th Century Migration
When the Ming dynasty in China fell, Chinese refugees fled. In addition they migrated to the US which resulted in the passing of the Chinese exclusion act of 1892. People of many other nationalities, especially Europeans, were flooding into the US, the pros of which were that cheap labor was easy to come by so capitalism benefited greatly from the migration. The Indians moved from India into Africa and the Caribbean as well as other parts of Asia.
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Labor Unions
An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Charles Fourier
1772-1837. French doctrinaire thinker who subjected all institutions to sweeping condemnation. Advocated “phalanstries” or small self-sufficient communes and a system of social and economic organization. None of those experiments that were tried in France succeeded. However, Brook Farms, on a similar principle, was run for about 5 years in America.
Chartism
A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Conservatism
A set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change.
Feminism
A belief that the sexes are equal in all categories including social, political, and economic elements. A political movement originated around this belief.
Modernism
A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.
Charles Darwin
1809-1882
Opium War(s)
Britain v. China (1842 and 1856), British traded opium for Chinese tea, Chinese became addicted & government tries to control massive epidemic, banned by the government, & Chinese government sent warships to stop British merchants, British refused to stop trade & sends ships in, Chinese are easily defeate
Treaty of Nanjing
(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.
Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.
Sino-Japanese War
(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China,
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Self-strengthening Movement
A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
Japanese Imperialism
Japan became an imperialist nation when got control of Korea. then japan set out to establish the Greatest East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, including China Manchuria, Vietnam, Korea
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families in Japan
