Midterm Review2

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

1400-1600

Question 2

Scientific Revolution

Answer 2

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Question 3

Humanism

Answer 3

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Question 4

Nicolas Copernicus

Answer 4

(1473-1543) concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system. Heliocentric Theory or Copernicus Theory. He wrote “On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”

Question 5

Galileo

Answer 5

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Question 6

Descartes

Answer 6

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. “I think, therefor I am”

Question 7

Ming Dynasty

Answer 7

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Question 8

Neo-Confucianism

Answer 8

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements

Question 9

Civil Service Examinations

Answer 9

Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han origins.

Question 10

Forbidden Palace

Answer 10

new imperial palace built in Beijing during Ming dynasty

Question 11

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 11

A political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Question 12

Canton system

Answer 12

a system to control forign trade which confined all trading to the port of Canton

Question 13

Qing Dynasty

Answer 13

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Question 14

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 14

(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.

Question 15

Samurai

Answer 15

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Question 16

Seclusion Laws

Answer 16

1633-1639, restricted leaving to those with a license, only trade with China and Dutch at Nagasaki- because not christians

Question 17

Christianity in China and Japan

Answer 17

Jesuits; attracted few converts; Christianity is exclusive; if the people converted, they would be believing that their own traditions were subservient to Christianity, and they did not want that

Question 18

Enlightenment

Answer 18

18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth

Question 19

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 19

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

Question 20

Voltaire

Answer 20

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Question 21

Encyclopedie of Diderot

Answer 21

collective work of philosophers who all contributed articles on various subject

Question 22

Adam Smith

Answer 22

(1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society

Question 23

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 23

(1712-1778) Swiss-French political philosopher; he valued the social contract and addressed the nature of man in his work On the Origin of Inequality.

Question 24

French Revolution

Answer 24

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

Question 25

Estates General

Answer 25

France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Question 26

National Assembly

Answer 26

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Question 27

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 27

A document drafted by the National Assembly promising all men their natural rights and the freedom of expression. No mechanism to enforce these rights

Question 28

Robespierre

Answer 28

A French political leader of the 18th century. A Jacobin, a radical leader of the French Revolution. Headed the Committee of Public Safety, responsible for the Reign of Terror, was later executed.

Question 29

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 29

(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.

Question 30

Congress of Vienna

Answer 30

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Question 31

Nationalism

Answer 31

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s nation

Question 32

Patriotism

Answer 32

A sense of pride in one’s country

Question 33

Romanticism

Answer 33

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Question 34

Kalevala

Answer 34

It is a compilation of Finnish myths and is the national epic of Finland. One character builds his wife out of gold. A mill that creates gold, sampo, and a witch Kullervo are mentioned.

Question 35

German Unification

Answer 35

1990 after fall of the Berlin wall, joining of currencies.

Question 36

Italian Unification

Answer 36

1815 congress of Vienna, end of the Napoleanic rule. European powers redrew boundaries in Europe to maintain balance of power. Leaders of unification included Guiseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and the first king of united Italy was Victor Emmanuel II

Question 37

Industrial Revolution

Answer 37

1750-1850

Question 38

Luddites

Answer 38

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Question 39

Urbanization

Answer 39

1800 - 1890

Question 40

Irish Famine

Answer 40

This was the 19th century’s worst human tragedy. A potato blight wiped out the crop in Ireland, which was the main food source. Millions died (a quarter of the population) and around a million left. England’s response was limited by respect of the rules of liberal economics and the rights of property. The English also continued to export Irish wheat to England. Landlords forced the Irish peasants off their land and this famine stimulated the Irish hatred of British rule.

Question 41

Sadler Report

Answer 41

A report on child labor conditons that led to new laws against child labor because of bad working conditions.

Question 42

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 42

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Question 43

19th Century Migration

Answer 43

When the Ming dynasty in China fell, Chinese refugees fled. In addition they migrated to the US which resulted in the passing of the Chinese exclusion act of 1892. People of many other nationalities, especially Europeans, were flooding into the US, the pros of which were that cheap labor was easy to come by so capitalism benefited greatly from the migration. The Indians moved from India into Africa and the Caribbean as well as other parts of Asia.

Question 44

Socialism

Answer 44

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Question 45

Labor Unions

Answer 45

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Question 46

Karl Marx

Answer 46

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Question 47

Charles Fourier

Answer 47

1772-1837. French doctrinaire thinker who subjected all institutions to sweeping condemnation. Advocated “phalanstries” or small self-sufficient communes and a system of social and economic organization. None of those experiments that were tried in France succeeded. However, Brook Farms, on a similar principle, was run for about 5 years in America.

Question 48

Chartism

Answer 48

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Question 49

Liberalism

Answer 49

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Question 50

Conservatism

Answer 50

A set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change.

Question 51

Feminism

Answer 51

A belief that the sexes are equal in all categories including social, political, and economic elements. A political movement originated around this belief.

Question 52

Modernism

Answer 52

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Question 53

Charles Darwin

Answer 53

1809-1882

Question 54

Opium War(s)

Answer 54

Britain v. China (1842 and 1856), British traded opium for Chinese tea, Chinese became addicted & government tries to control massive epidemic, banned by the government, & Chinese government sent warships to stop British merchants, British refused to stop trade & sends ships in, Chinese are easily defeate

Question 55

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 55

(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

Question 56

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 56

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Question 57

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 57

(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China,

Question 58

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 58

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils”. The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Question 59

Self-strengthening Movement

Answer 59

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

Question 60

Japanese Imperialism

Answer 60

Japan became an imperialist nation when got control of Korea. then japan set out to establish the Greatest East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, including China Manchuria, Vietnam, Korea

Question 61

Meiji Restoration

Answer 61

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Question 62

Zaibatsu

Answer 62

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan