Final Review2

Question 1

Cold War

Answer 1

1945-1991

Question 2

Berlin Blockade & Airlift

Answer 2

In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.

Question 3

Containment

Answer 3

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Question 4

Korean War

Answer 4

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Question 5

Korean War reasons

Answer 5

colonel MacArthur invades china even though china warned him, he disobeyed truman - gets fired, truman wanted a limited war. china backed north korea. truman attempts containment, doesn’t work. OUTCOME- everything goes back to the way it was before. starts military build up in U.S.S.R and U.S.A.

Question 6

Korean War outcomes

Answer 6

N and S Korea divided at 38th parallel. Still at war, but a ceasefire.

Question 7

Marshall Plan

Answer 7

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Question 8

Warsaw Pact

Answer 8

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Question 9

NATO

Answer 9

(1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Question 10

McCarthyism

Answer 10

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Question 11

Decolonization

Answer 11

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Question 12

Chiang Kai-shek

Answer 12

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Question 13

Mao Zedong

Answer 13

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Question 14

Great Leap Forward

Answer 14

1957-1962, Mao tried unsuccessfully to rapidly increase China’s industrial and agricultural production

Question 15

Cultural Revolution

Answer 15

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Question 16

Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 16

(1869-1948) a lawyer from South Africa, he fought against racial prejudice against Indians, advocated civil disobedience, equal rights, no caste system, led salt march and other protests, assassinated by a Hindu extremist for his beliefs

Question 17

Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer 17

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964).

Question 18

Partition of India

Answer 18

India was separated into 2 countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus (1947)

Question 19

Algerian War

Answer 19

1954-62, the French and the pied noir vs. native ALgerians. SIG: removed France from power

Question 20

Kwame Nkrumah

Answer 20

African nationalist responsible for forming the Convention Peoples Party in Ghana; leader of the 1st black African state to independence (1957).

Question 21

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 21

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Question 22

Vietnam War

Answer 22

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

Question 23

Vietnam War causes

Answer 23

Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, supported by the United State

Question 24

Vietnam War results

Answer 24

Vietnamization:gradual withdrawal by Nixon of US troops in order for SVN to get a more active role in combat

Question 25

Israeli Independence

Answer 25

(1948-49) War between Israel and the Arab world over the formation of the nation of Israel.

Question 26

Third World

Answer 26

Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industria

Question 27

Non-Alignment Movement

Answer 27

started in India of countries that did not want to be on either side of the Cold War; irony in Cuban’s membership shows its uselessness

Question 28

Suez Crisis

Answer 28

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Question 29

International Monetary Fund

Answer 29

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

Question 30

Apartheid

Answer 30

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

Question 31

Nelson Mandela

Answer 31

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Question 32

African National Congress

Answer 32

A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.

Question 33

OPEC

Answer 33

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It’s long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Question 34

Helsinki Accords

Answer 34

(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991

Question 35

Dirty War

Answer 35

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.

Question 36

Fidel Castro

Answer 36

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Question 37

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 37

(JFK) an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn’t invade Cuba

Question 38

Nikita Khrushchev

Answer 38

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Question 39

Secret Speech

Answer 39

Khrushchev revealed the existance of a letter written by Lenin that was very critical of Stalin; used to denounce Stalin’s rules & practices

Question 40

Revolutions of 1956

Answer 40

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Question 41

Prague Spring

Answer 41

A 1968 program of reform to soften socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

Question 42

1968 in the West

Answer 42

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Question 43

Feminism

Answer 43

A belief that the sexes are equal in all categories including social, political, and economic elements. A political movement originated around this belief.

Question 44

D?tente

Answer 44

A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.

Question 45

Nongovernmental Organizations

Answer 45

A group working to resolve international problems which is not directed, paid, or sponsored by any government.

Question 46

Supranational Organizations

Answer 46

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization

Question 47

Solidarity

Answer 47

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Question 48

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 48

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Question 49

Perestroika & Glasnost

Answer 49

Gorbachev’s plans that he instituted in efforts to save the economy. perestroika= restructing (allowed for private enterprise) … glasnost= openess (allowed for more religion and speech)

Question 50

Revolutions of 1989

Answer 50

Collapse of communism, revolutions which overthrew Soviet-style communist states in the Eastern-Bloc. People start to rebel against Gorbachev and his liberal reforms. Bloodless revolution

Question 51

Deng Xiaoping

Answer 51

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Question 52

Tiananmen Square

Answer 52

(1989) Chinese students were fired on by tanks while leading peaceful demonstrations for their personal freedom and democracy.[338]

Question 53

Balkan Wars

Answer 53

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.

Question 54

European Union

Answer 54

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Question 55

Ayatollah Khomeini

Answer 55

A supreme religious leader of the Shiite group, and leader of Iran from 1979 to his death in 1989. The last decade of his life was filled with turmoil, notable the hostage crisis at the former U.S. Embassy in Tehran and the Iran-Iraq War.

Question 56

Hamas

Answer 56

a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon

Question 57

Globalization

Answer 57

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

Question 58

Rwandan Genocide

Answer 58

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Question 59

Taliban

Answer 59

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan’s government in 1996

Question 60

War on Terror

Answer 60

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

Question 61

Arab Spring

Answer 61

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)