Final Review2 Flashcards
Cold War
1945-1991
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
Korean War reasons
colonel MacArthur invades china even though china warned him, he disobeyed truman - gets fired, truman wanted a limited war. china backed north korea. truman attempts containment, doesn’t work. OUTCOME- everything goes back to the way it was before. starts military build up in U.S.S.R and U.S.A.
Korean War outcomes
N and S Korea divided at 38th parallel. Still at war, but a ceasefire.
Marshall Plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
NATO
(1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Chiang Kai-shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)
Mao Zedong
(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
Great Leap Forward
1957-1962, Mao tried unsuccessfully to rapidly increase China’s industrial and agricultural production
Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.
Mohandas Gandhi
(1869-1948) a lawyer from South Africa, he fought against racial prejudice against Indians, advocated civil disobedience, equal rights, no caste system, led salt march and other protests, assassinated by a Hindu extremist for his beliefs
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first prime minister (1947-1964).
Partition of India
India was separated into 2 countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus (1947)
Algerian War
1954-62, the French and the pied noir vs. native ALgerians. SIG: removed France from power
Kwame Nkrumah
African nationalist responsible for forming the Convention Peoples Party in Ghana; leader of the 1st black African state to independence (1957).
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Vietnam War
a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
Vietnam War causes
Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, supported by the United State
Vietnam War results
Vietnamization:gradual withdrawal by Nixon of US troops in order for SVN to get a more active role in combat
Israeli Independence
(1948-49) War between Israel and the Arab world over the formation of the nation of Israel.
Third World
Also known as developing nations; nations outside the capitalist industria
Non-Alignment Movement
started in India of countries that did not want to be on either side of the Cold War; irony in Cuban’s membership shows its uselessness
Suez Crisis
July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power
International Monetary Fund
An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.
Apartheid
A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.
Nelson Mandela
ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.
African National Congress
A group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was eventually outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years.
OPEC
An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It’s long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Helsinki Accords
(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991
Dirty War
War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
Cuban Missile Crisis
(JFK) an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn’t invade Cuba
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
Secret Speech
Khrushchev revealed the existance of a letter written by Lenin that was very critical of Stalin; used to denounce Stalin’s rules & practices
Revolutions of 1956
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Prague Spring
A 1968 program of reform to soften socialism in Czechoslovakia; it resulted in the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
1968 in the West
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Feminism
A belief that the sexes are equal in all categories including social, political, and economic elements. A political movement originated around this belief.
D?tente
A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.
Nongovernmental Organizations
A group working to resolve international problems which is not directed, paid, or sponsored by any government.
Supranational Organizations
A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Perestroika & Glasnost
Gorbachev’s plans that he instituted in efforts to save the economy. perestroika= restructing (allowed for private enterprise) … glasnost= openess (allowed for more religion and speech)
Revolutions of 1989
Collapse of communism, revolutions which overthrew Soviet-style communist states in the Eastern-Bloc. People start to rebel against Gorbachev and his liberal reforms. Bloodless revolution
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)
Tiananmen Square
(1989) Chinese students were fired on by tanks while leading peaceful demonstrations for their personal freedom and democracy.[338]
Balkan Wars
Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war.
European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Ayatollah Khomeini
A supreme religious leader of the Shiite group, and leader of Iran from 1979 to his death in 1989. The last decade of his life was filled with turmoil, notable the hostage crisis at the former U.S. Embassy in Tehran and the Iran-Iraq War.
Hamas
a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
Taliban
A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan’s government in 1996
War on Terror
Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.
Arab Spring
A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)
