Midterm Review

Question 1

Safavid Empire

Answer 1

(1500-1800); Muslim (Shia) empire in Persia (today Iran); they were Persian and a sense of Persian identity was restored, separate from Muslim neighbors; Europeans traded for their carpets; surrounded by powerful neighbors and sparred with Ottomans over religious differences (Shia and Sunni)

Question 2

Ottoman Empire

Answer 2

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Question 3

Janissaries

Answer 3

(THE OTTOMANS)Slave soldiers, mostly Christian youths, who defended the Ottoman Empire and wore uniforms, were paid in cash as regular soldiers, and marched to distinctive music.

Question 4

Topkapi Palace

Answer 4

large palace in Istanbul, Used for over 400 years as the place of residence of Ottoman Sultans, Has Muslim, as well as Byzantine influences

Question 5

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 5

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Question 6

Inquisition

Answer 6

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Question 7

Absolutism

Answer 7

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

Question 8

Versailles

Answer 8

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Question 9

Protestant Reformation

Answer 9

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Question 10

Martin Luther

Answer 10

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Question 11

Counter Reformation

Answer 11

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Question 12

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Answer 12

Queen Catherine attempts to rid Paris of protestant leaders before they revolt. Coligny and 25,000 other Protestants were murdered over a four day period.

Question 13

Anabaptists

Answer 13

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Question 14

Jesuits

Answer 14

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Question 15

John Calvin

Answer 15

(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His “The Institutes of the Christian Religion” (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

Question 16

Presbyterianism

Answer 16

A branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops

Question 17

Witch hunts

Answer 17

During the 1500’s, there was great upheaval after the Reformation as people began to challenge and question the Catholic faith. Churchmen tried to restore order by forcing conformity on people of Europe. Women who practiced folk medicine, charms and chanting were accused of being witches. These were usually older, poorer, uneducated and illiterate women. They were accused of flying on brooms, killing infants, dancing naked and meeting with the devil. A witch, when captured was tortured until she confessed and gave names of other witches. She was then killed by burning, strangling or beheading. Over three centuries, it has been speculated that there were 100,000 lives lost because of this but others have said it was closer to 900,000. Figures reveal that 80-85% of those accused and 85% of those who were killed were female. Witchcraft accusations served as a cover for other problems and the women of the family could be made “scapegoat” for hardship.

Question 18

Anglicans

Answer 18

Belonged to church of England and came to America; “purified” version of Catholics

Question 19

Puritans

Answer 19

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Question 20

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 20

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg’s, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 21

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 21

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Question 22

Columbian Exchange

Answer 22

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Question 23

Encomienda

Answer 23

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Question 24

Hernan Cortes

Answer 24

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Question 25

Fransisco Pizarro

Answer 25

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Question 26

Creoles

Answer 26

American born descendants of Europeans

Question 27

Mestizo

Answer 27

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

Question 28

Vasco da Gama

Answer 28

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Question 29

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 29

Catholic religious figure who served as a powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism in wars for independence against Spain

Question 30

Mercantilism

Answer 30

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Question 31

Dutch East India Company

Answer 31

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England’s company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Question 32

Triangle Trade

Answer 32

A catch all phrase for the trade occurring between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Trade goods include raw materials from the Americas, manufactured goods from Europe, and slaves from Africa.

Question 33

Kongo Kingdom

Answer 33

based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy

Question 34

African Slave Trade

Answer 34

the European export of slaves from Africa began in the 15th century when the Portuguese ventured down the West African coast and discovered that selling black house slaves to the European nobility could be a lucrative business.

Question 35

Boers

Answer 35

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.