Final Review

Question 1

Muhammad Ali

Answer 1

(1769-1849) Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Question 2

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 2

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Question 3

Wahhabism

Answer 3

A conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia.

Question 4

Young Turks

Answer 4

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Question 5

Catherine the Great

Answer 5

(1729-1796) Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire, its wealth & education/benefits for people; inspired by French Enlightenment; wife of Peter III; Emelian Pugachev ruled with her after Peter’s “death”

Question 6

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality

Answer 6

what was the repressive motto under the monarchy of the romanov’s (absolutism)

Question 7

Crimean War

Answer 7

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. Independence of Turkey granted.

Question 8

Great Reforms of Alexander II

Answer 8

emancipates the serfs in 1861, reformed Russian imperial army & navy, trial by jury established, zemstvo reform (local politics), “glasnost” allowed people to express themselves

Question 9

Pan-Slavism

Answer 9

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.

Question 10

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 10

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Question 11

Revolution of 1905

Answer 11

January, 1905, a group of workers marched on the tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly and other political concessions. Government troops killed 130. urban workers created new councils known as soviets to organize strikes and negotiate with employers and government authorities.

Question 12

British East India Company

Answer 12

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Question 13

Sati (Suttee)

Answer 13

Indian (Hindu) ritual where widows would jump into the funeral pyre in when their husbands died

Question 14

Mutiny of 1857

Answer 14

(1857) When Indian troops in the employ of the Company mutinied against their officers and slaughtered English women and Children

Question 15

The Raj

Answer 15

Title of British control in India. created in order to trade, wanted cooperation from the government. slowly became entangled in government before it took over completely

Question 16

Indian National Congress

Answer 16

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Question 17

Scramble for Africa

Answer 17

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Question 18

White Man’s Burden

Answer 18

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took. (White men need to take their civilization to the world)

Question 19

Cecil Rhodes

Answer 19

A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa and Rhodesia (named after him). Lived from 1853-1902.

Question 20

Orientalism

Answer 20

Edward Said’s concept of the “othering” of non-white, non-Western communities and people. “normal” is white and Western, “different” is non-white or non-Western. Orientalism implies that there are no internal differences between Asian peoples, and hints that the exotic nature of the area makes it a nice place to rediscover yourself

Question 21

Herero Uprising

Answer 21

German colonies in South West Africa, the Hereros people who Germans ruled, Germans punished them for killing Germans and created famines killing many people, example of imperialism, The Africans only killed 100 Germans but the Germans killed around 80,000 African, the revolt was led by a prophet or holy man, they spread the idea that machine guns will turn into water

Question 22

Boer War

Answer 22

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

Question 23

Boer

Answer 23

Dutch colonists in South Africa

Question 24

Philippine-American War

Answer 24

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Question 25

Haitian Revolution

Answer 25

Toussaint l’Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world’s second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Question 26

Mexican Independence

Answer 26

Creoles fearing loss of privileges joined together, led by Agustin de Iturbide to declare Mexican’s independence in 1821. Iturbide was overthrown in 1821 and CEntral America had independence from Mexico.

Question 27

Caste War

Answer 27

A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901.

Question 28

Mexican Revolution

Answer 28

(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.

Question 29

Caudillos

Answer 29

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Question 30

Simon Bolivar

Answer 30

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Question 31

Brazilian Independence

Answer 31

creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal and 8K Brazilians signed a petition to make Dom Pedro ruler and Sept 7, 1822 he declared Brazil’s independence < won through a bloodless revolution!

Question 32

Banana Republic

Answer 32

Countries where companies ruled; Owned railways, roads, ports; Developed large banana and sugar plantations; If govt. did not cooperate, govt. did not last long

Question 33

The Great War

Answer 33

This was the original name of WWI. President Wilson believed that it was the “war to end all wars.”

Question 34

Cause of WWI

Answer 34

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, was assassinated in Serbia by anarchists. Empires bonded together to promote imperialism.

Question 35

Result of WWI

Answer 35

Germany lost, leaving it bankrupt. Hitler comes along proposing ways to fix economy, people trust him, causing the start of what is known as the Holocaust.

Question 36

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 36

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Question 37

Russian Revolution

Answer 37

1917; catalyst provided by WWI; February 1917, Tsar Nicholar II forced to abdicater throne, ending the Romanov dynasty (ruling family for 3 centuries); Demonstrated the inadequacy of the Provisional Government, which was divided and ineffectual, and unable to meet the demands of the revolutionaries

Question 38

WWI started

Answer 38

4th August 1914

Question 39

WWI ended

Answer 39

November 11, 1918

Question 40

Bolshevism

Answer 40

A radical, revolutionary movement under the leadership of Lenin which seized power in Russia in 1917. It promoted an anti-capitalist philosophy and supported world revolution and class warfare. Fueled the red scare of 1919.

Question 41

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 41

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Question 42

USSR

Answer 42

After the death of Lenin in 1924, the official name of the country became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Question 43

Weimar Republic

Answer 43

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy. (1919-33)

Question 44

League of Nations

Answer 44

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Question 45

Great Depression

Answer 45

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Question 46

Joseph Stalin

Answer 46

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Question 47

The Gulag

Answer 47

Soviet government forced labor camps, housed everything from petty criminals to political prisoners, were exceptionally brutal. Set up by Stalin to contain his dissidents.

Question 48

Fascism

Answer 48

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

Question 49

Benito Mussolini

Answer 49

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Question 50

Nazism

Answer 50

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Question 51

Adolf Hitler

Answer 51

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler’s pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Question 52

Munich Pact

Answer 52

An agreement in 1938 that attempted to prevent large-scale war by granting German chancellor Adolf Hitler his demand for control over the Sudetenland, a German-populated region bordering Czechoslovakia. Instead it verified Hitler’s theory that the West would not interfere in eastern Europe, gave him time to rebuild an army, an emboldened him to continue the invasions - beginning with Czechoslovakia just months later - that led to WWII.

Question 53

Anschluss

Answer 53

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Question 54

World War II

Answer 54

(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Question 55

World War II causes

Answer 55

Germany economically poor; bitter over loss of war; inflation high; high unemployment; govt. didn’t have support of the people; Depression affected the world; rise of nationalism; turned to Hitler – Nazis and Fascism; started building strong army (vs. Treaty of Versailles); Germany invaded Poland (and Japan invades China) and war was declared by GB and France (1939); Japan on Germany’s side; US stopped trading with Japan…then Pearl Harbor;

Question 56

World War II results

Answer 56

The results of World War II had far-reaching implications. Germany was divided into four quadrants, which were controlled by the Allied Powers ? the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. A multipolar world was replaced by a bipolar one dominated by the two most powerful victors, the United States and Soviet Union, which became known as the superpowers. Also–the redrawing of European borders, the birth of the United Kingdom’s welfare state, the communist takeover of China and Eastern Europe, the creation of Israel, and the divisions of Germany and Korea. In addition, many organizations have roots in the Second World War; for example, the United Nations, the World Bank, the WTO, and the IMF. Technologies, such as nuclear fission, the computer and the jet engine, also appeared during this period.

Question 57

United Nations

Answer 57

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

Question 58

Holocaust

Answer 58

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Question 59

Eugenics

Answer 59

Control of mating to ensure that “defective” genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations.