Final Review Flashcards
Muhammad Ali
(1769-1849) Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Tanzimat Reforms
Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Wahhabism
A conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia.
Young Turks
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.
Catherine the Great
(1729-1796) Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire, its wealth & education/benefits for people; inspired by French Enlightenment; wife of Peter III; Emelian Pugachev ruled with her after Peter’s “death”
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
what was the repressive motto under the monarchy of the romanov’s (absolutism)
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize. Independence of Turkey granted.
Great Reforms of Alexander II
emancipates the serfs in 1861, reformed Russian imperial army & navy, trial by jury established, zemstvo reform (local politics), “glasnost” allowed people to express themselves
Pan-Slavism
A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
Revolution of 1905
January, 1905, a group of workers marched on the tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly and other political concessions. Government troops killed 130. urban workers created new councils known as soviets to organize strikes and negotiate with employers and government authorities.
British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
Sati (Suttee)
Indian (Hindu) ritual where widows would jump into the funeral pyre in when their husbands died
Mutiny of 1857
(1857) When Indian troops in the employ of the Company mutinied against their officers and slaughtered English women and Children
The Raj
Title of British control in India. created in order to trade, wanted cooperation from the government. slowly became entangled in government before it took over completely
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)
Scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
White Man’s Burden
A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took. (White men need to take their civilization to the world)
Cecil Rhodes
A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa and Rhodesia (named after him). Lived from 1853-1902.
Orientalism
Edward Said’s concept of the “othering” of non-white, non-Western communities and people. “normal” is white and Western, “different” is non-white or non-Western. Orientalism implies that there are no internal differences between Asian peoples, and hints that the exotic nature of the area makes it a nice place to rediscover yourself
Herero Uprising
German colonies in South West Africa, the Hereros people who Germans ruled, Germans punished them for killing Germans and created famines killing many people, example of imperialism, The Africans only killed 100 Germans but the Germans killed around 80,000 African, the revolt was led by a prophet or holy man, they spread the idea that machine guns will turn into water
Boer War
(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.
Boer
Dutch colonists in South Africa
Philippine-American War
armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l’Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world’s second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
Mexican Independence
Creoles fearing loss of privileges joined together, led by Agustin de Iturbide to declare Mexican’s independence in 1821. Iturbide was overthrown in 1821 and CEntral America had independence from Mexico.
Caste War
A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901.
Mexican Revolution
(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.
Caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.
Brazilian Independence
creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal and 8K Brazilians signed a petition to make Dom Pedro ruler and Sept 7, 1822 he declared Brazil’s independence < won through a bloodless revolution!
Banana Republic
Countries where companies ruled; Owned railways, roads, ports; Developed large banana and sugar plantations; If govt. did not cooperate, govt. did not last long
The Great War
This was the original name of WWI. President Wilson believed that it was the “war to end all wars.”
Cause of WWI
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire, was assassinated in Serbia by anarchists. Empires bonded together to promote imperialism.
Result of WWI
Germany lost, leaving it bankrupt. Hitler comes along proposing ways to fix economy, people trust him, causing the start of what is known as the Holocaust.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Russian Revolution
1917; catalyst provided by WWI; February 1917, Tsar Nicholar II forced to abdicater throne, ending the Romanov dynasty (ruling family for 3 centuries); Demonstrated the inadequacy of the Provisional Government, which was divided and ineffectual, and unable to meet the demands of the revolutionaries
WWI started
4th August 1914
WWI ended
November 11, 1918
Bolshevism
A radical, revolutionary movement under the leadership of Lenin which seized power in Russia in 1917. It promoted an anti-capitalist philosophy and supported world revolution and class warfare. Fueled the red scare of 1919.
Vladimir Lenin
Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
USSR
After the death of Lenin in 1924, the official name of the country became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Weimar Republic
German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy. (1919-33)
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
Great Depression
(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
The Gulag
Soviet government forced labor camps, housed everything from petty criminals to political prisoners, were exceptionally brutal. Set up by Stalin to contain his dissidents.
Fascism
A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
Benito Mussolini
(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
Nazism
Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler’s pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
Munich Pact
An agreement in 1938 that attempted to prevent large-scale war by granting German chancellor Adolf Hitler his demand for control over the Sudetenland, a German-populated region bordering Czechoslovakia. Instead it verified Hitler’s theory that the West would not interfere in eastern Europe, gave him time to rebuild an army, an emboldened him to continue the invasions - beginning with Czechoslovakia just months later - that led to WWII.
Anschluss
The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.
World War II
(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
World War II causes
Germany economically poor; bitter over loss of war; inflation high; high unemployment; govt. didn’t have support of the people; Depression affected the world; rise of nationalism; turned to Hitler – Nazis and Fascism; started building strong army (vs. Treaty of Versailles); Germany invaded Poland (and Japan invades China) and war was declared by GB and France (1939); Japan on Germany’s side; US stopped trading with Japan…then Pearl Harbor;
World War II results
The results of World War II had far-reaching implications. Germany was divided into four quadrants, which were controlled by the Allied Powers ? the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. A multipolar world was replaced by a bipolar one dominated by the two most powerful victors, the United States and Soviet Union, which became known as the superpowers. Also–the redrawing of European borders, the birth of the United Kingdom’s welfare state, the communist takeover of China and Eastern Europe, the creation of Israel, and the divisions of Germany and Korea. In addition, many organizations have roots in the Second World War; for example, the United Nations, the World Bank, the WTO, and the IMF. Technologies, such as nuclear fission, the computer and the jet engine, also appeared during this period.
United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Eugenics
Control of mating to ensure that “defective” genes of troublesome individuals will not be passed on to future generations.
