Midterm review Flashcards
What are the Five Themes of Geography?
Place, Location, Region, Human/environmental interaction, Movement.
Absolute VS. Relative location
Absolute Location- Actual GPS location with coordinates, (Site: unique characteristics).
Relative Location- Location relative to landmarks. (Situatuion: relative location when it comes to infrastructure/connectivity (highway, bridge)
Region: formal, functional, perceptual
Formal- 1 shared characteristic. Ex) Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Ring of Fire.
Functional- Serves a purpose or a function. Ex) school district, delivery service.
Perceptual- (AKA Vernacular) No clear border or boundary.
Choropleth map
A map that shows differences using colors and shading.
Reference Map
Political, physical and topographic maps.
Large map scale VS. small map scale
Large scale- Small area (1/10), town
Small scale- Large area (1/1,000), continent
Robinson map
Size/curve of the earth, distorts the continents.
Mercator map
True distance for naval travel (straight lines).
Distortion
Can’t project a curved surface on a flat map.
Cultural landscape
Visible imprint of humans on earth’s surface.
Contagious diffusion
Physical contact, like spreading a disease.
Hierarchical diffusion
Passed down by connected individuals.
Stimulus diffusion
“Playing” catch up (adopting a new trait based off a competitor).
Relocation diffusion
Leave the hearth and the culture will move too.
Assimilation
Completely absorbed into the dominant culture. (Native Americans).
Acculturation
When you adapt only certain elements but retain original culture.
Environmental determinism
The theory of how the environment controls human behavior.
Environmental possibilism
The theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment.
Cultural ecology
Human-Environment interaction. Determinism and Possibilism.
Distance decay
The further you are from a hearth, the less likely you are to adopt.
Arithmetic population density
Measures the total population of a country relative to its land size.
Physiologic population density
Number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land.
Doubling time
Time it takes to double a population.
Dependency ratio
The ratio on which the country depends on their elderly or children.
Population momentum
Your population still grows when your rate falls because as your life expectancy increases.
-Natural increase rate
-Crude birth rate
-Crude death rate
-Infant mortality rate
-Total fertility rate
- Live births minus deaths
- Live births per 1000 people
- Live deaths per 1000 people
- Kids ages 0-1 who pass away. Little medical care and low status of women.
- Average number of children per woman of child bearing age. Having an average of 2.1 means your population is still growing.
Carrying capacity
The amount of people a country can hold in their population.
Expansive population
National conception day. Money rewards. Ways to grow your population.
Eugenic population
Genocide. Targets a certain group. Ethnic cleansing.
Restrictive population
Condom-Family Planning.
One child population
Way more males. Female infanticide and abortions.
Mathus’s Theory
Believed population would outgrow food supply.
Absolute distance
A distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer.
Relative distance
Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.
Emigration
Movement of people AWAY from a place.
Immigration
Movement of people TO a place.
Ravenstains laws
Most people travel short distances. Most migrations are rural to urban.
Big city destination.
Most migratory people are single young men.
Counter migration.
Gravity model
Bigger the city, the more attractive it is towards people.
Push/pull factors
Factors that want to make people enter or exit a country.
Step migration
Not all migrants go A to B, they stop along the way.
Chain migration
One person migrates and people from the same culture follow them.
Voluntary/forced migration
Migration where you choose to go to, or where you are forced to.
Counter migration
For every one migrant that leaves, at least one migrant will come.
Folk culture groups/regions in the US
Culture that is passed on from generation to generation.
Globalization and Pop Culture
Culture that is trending and constantly changing.
Official languages
Language used by the country’s official government.
Dialect
Differences in vocabulary, syntax (way words are put together to form phrases), pronunciation, cadence and even the pace of speech.
Language - families (e.g., Indo-European), subfamilies, groups
How a cultural group communicates.
Isogloss
a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.
Language divergence
When spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues.
Language convergence
Collapses two languages into one.
Conquest/agricultural theory
Raising of animals and growing crops to maintain a stable society.
Language diffusion
Where the language comes from originally.
Lingua franca
Language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.
Pidgin language
Simplified language that combines traditional with dominant language.
EX) Spanglish, French Creole, Hawaiian Pidgin.
Creole language
Pidgin language over time to develop grammar rules and become a native language.
EX) Jamaican, Haitian
Mono/multilingual states
States that either speak one or multiple languages.
Toponym
A place name. Illustrates the languages on the land, reflecting past inhabitants and their relationship to the land.
Language extinction
The removal of a certain language from society.
Universalizing religion
Actively seeks converts, they have a message that applies to all people.
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
Ethnic religion
People born into it, Faith/culture intertwined, spatially concentrated.
Judaism and Hinduism.
Hearths and Diffusion of major world religions
Buddhism in India and Islam in the Mid East.
Landscapes of major world religions
Religion has a major impact on how landscapes are presented.
Sacred sites
Holy place where people visit on pilgrimage to pay respects, pray, or pay the religions meaning infused with the sites.
Pilgrimage
The movement of the traveler or group of travelers away from home, usually with a specific, sacred goal in mind.
Syncretic (know Sikhism)
Ethnic religion, spatially located, mix of hinduism and Islam.
Hinduism
Originated in India (South Asia), Indus River Valley, oldest religion, caste system, temples (engravings /sculptures of gods), Ganges River, relocation diffusion.
Buddhism
Founded by Siddharta Guatama, originated in Bodh Gaya (India), the sacred sight is the bodhi tree, diffuses through trade and relocation diffusion. (Spread to Southeast Asia, China, Japan), PAGODAS.
Judaism
The hearth of Judaism is judea, Spread through relocation, Spatially concentrated, Northeast, Eastern Europe and Israel.
Christianity
Christians in the US are in the North East, it’s a universalizing religion, the hearth of Christianity is Judea.
