Midterm-People Flashcards
from genoa italy, sailed 4 times, never realized he reached the new world first,
triying to get to aisa to trade spices, perfume, rugs, tea, called the native americans indians, his trip was finaced by Queen Isabella, sails on 3 ships; nina, pinta, santa maria, 33 day voyage, reached San Salvador (Holy Savior)
columbus
first to circumnavigate the world, took 3 years didnt complete voyage, killed in phillipeans, 5 ships went only 1 returned, named the Pacific Ocean, said 75% of earth is water, fulfilled the dream of columbus; reached west indies, revealed new lands
Magellan
named florida: all landabove gulf of mexico, searching for fountain of youth
De Leon
sailed for the english and the dutch, sailed 150 miles up the hudson looking for a northwest passage, left in the hudson bay to die
Hudson
french, did more then anyone beofre to fill the map of the east coast of North America
De Verrazzano
discovered and explored the gulf of st lawrence, built settlement near modern day quebec
Cartier
defeated Incan empire, opened door for more reckless and ruthless conquistadors, killed incan leader to get riches
pizzaro
first english explorer to corss atlantic, goes to newfoundland, with an 11 week return trip and later dissapears, lays basis for english exploration
cabot
found Grand canyon, looking for northwest passage
Coronado
first spainyard to cross mississippi river, discovered GE, AL, Arkansas, Oklahoma
de Soto
used route around tip of africa found by dias to sail to india
de gama
helped coquer cuba, died on expedition to florida
Narvaez
discovered isthmus of Panama, first european to see pacific ocean, called it the sea of the south
Balboa
spanish queen that finacned columbus, gave him the 3 ships
queen isabella
rounded tip of africa at the cape of good hope
dias
renaissance mathmatician and astronomer who saod sun was at the center (heleocentric)
copernicus
invented printing press first book published was bible, communications revolution
guttenburg
travelled from Venie to the east, wrote about his travels called the silk road
marco polo
aka Henry the Navigator, portugal takes to sea, helped invent caravel, astrolabe, quadrant, compass, and accruate maps, set up sailing schools
prince henry
norse discoverer that found newfoundland , technically first to new world but settlements didnt last
Erikkson
filled map of the coast of south america, wrote account and called lands a brand new continent, america named after him
Vespucci
king of spanish empire and holy roman empire
charles V
founded quebec, first french colony in the new world
champlain
governor of plymouth colony
bradford
helped plymmouth colony, pilgrims called him a special interest of God, indian cheif showed how to plant corn, fertilize, fish and trap, acted as an interpreter
squanto
prominent leader willing to go to MA bay colony, founder and late governor of Ma bay colony, puritian
Winthrop
leader of conneticut, ct had fundamental orders in 1639: voting male land owners, did not have to be part of church
thomas hooker
loved sir walter raleigh and sir francis drake, virgin queen(VA named after her) established england as a world power and had the will to set up colonies, made england leader, of protestant states of europe
Queen Elizabeth I
believed in religious toleration, purchased land from indians, seperated church and state, founded providence, gaurenteed religious toleration to all
Roger Williams
women banned becuase of her religious beliefs, adequately defended herself in trial
Anne Hutchinson
governed Pa, religously tolerant, good relationship with indians, founded by quakers
William Penn
favorite of Queen Elizabeth, she knighted him, tried twice to start a colony of roanoke island, half brother of gilbert
Raleigh
aka sea dog, most popular privateer, first englishman to sail aroudn the world, helped with attack on the spanish armada
Drake
strong leader who saved jamestown, ruled by martial law
John Smith
leader of jamestown, married Pocahontas, set up tobacco as cash crop
John Rolfe
englands first colonial charter, failed but known as pathfinder to britishempire
gilbert
geographer, accounts were persuasive to go to new world
haklyut
founder of quebec
champlain
governor of New Amsterdam who wouldnt surrender but whose people didnt fight
Stuyvesant
set up maryland as safehaven for Catholics, when he died maryland became property of lord baltimore,
george calvert
leader of georgia main leader out of 21 men, military man,
olgethorpe
enligh philosopher during enlightenment, ppl have rights to gov’t if gov’t fails to protect their natural rightd
locke
prime minister in england, persuaded parliament to raise taxes and borrow large sums of money to fight the war, realized british troops were fighting for a world wide empire
william pitt
came up with albany plan of union and did everything: printer, inventor, scientist, politician
Ben Franklin
colonial general that knew when to retreat- saved his troops, president of the constitutional convention
George Washington
arrested and tried for libel, established freedom of the press
John Peter Zenger
british general that won the battle of quebec
wolfe
aka lord protector, ruled england after charles was beheaded
Cromwell
british general that lost when the french surprised them at fort duquense
Braddock
Indian leader responsible for the rebellion that led to the Proclamtion Line
Pontiac
midnight ride to warn minutemen
Paul Revere
killed in Boston Massacre, african American
zcrispus Attucks
wrote common sense and the crisis, inspired americans to cause of freedom
Thomas Paine
most active son of liberty, boston, professional rebel
Sam Adams
real name mary hays, known for delivering water to troops during battle, stepped in and took her husbands place at the cannon
Molly Pitcher
Author of declaration- used Paines ideas that all men have natural rights
Thomas Jefferson
believed americans could unite to defeat british
John Adams
british general at the battle of Princeton, lost washington t princetn, surrenders at yorktown, washington traps his troops by land and sea
Cornwallis
patriot general, provided military expertise, french volunteer
lafeyette
assisted british
Von Steuben
volunteered to cross enemy lines for info on british positions, “i regret i have but one life…”
Hale
alliance with french reflected on him, leading negotiator in paris
franklin
king of england, in charge of placing all the acts
George III
leader of farmer rebellion
Daniel Shays
father of the constitution, arrived at the convention 11 days early, sent letters to washington in april outlining his thoughts on what should be debated, critic of democracy but favored republicanism
James Madison
one of the leaders of the constitutional convention, dislikeddemocracy, conserved in principles, prasied british constitution, wanted balanced government that has elements of aristocracy and monarchy as well as republicanism
Alexander Hamilton
anti-federalist, worried that a president would easily become king, from va, greatest political orator of his generation
patrick henry
Located: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Mexico
Culture: broad plazas of temples and pyramids
Discovery: own writing system, made accurate calendars, Indian corn maize becomes staple food for the world
Mayas
Located: Peru
Culture: constructed palaces w high walls, connected towns w system of roads, Cuzco (capital) was a gold center (the richest)
Discovery: built terraces, canals, and aqueducts to irrigate crops, used llamas as pack animals
Had an organized gov’t system
Incas
Located: Mexico, capital of Tenochtitlan
Culture: warlike, architects
Discovery: made gold into jewelry, used dogs as pack animals
Aztecs
Loose friendship formed to promote peace, allies in war
Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga
1722- joined by Tuscarora
Centered in NY
Iroquois League
Descendants of Anasazi
Located in Mexico
Pueblo Indians
Code talkers in WW2
Navajos
an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate
Surf
Ancient Ones, ancestors of Pueblos, cliff dwellers
Lived in Four Corners region, their dwellings were called pueblos
Anasazi
Persecuted in England, came to colonies for religious freedom
Were not religiously tolerant to others
Everyone had to go to Puritan church and pay taxes to support it
Lots of literacy to study the Bible
Very structured, well ordered, everything has a place
Puritan
Aka Pilgrims, persecuted in England, started churches of their own, started Plymouth Colony
Went to Netherlands, but children were growing up Dutch
Wanted to have their own religion but be English
sepratists
French Protestants
Protestants being watched by Catholics
Hugenots
People of mixed Indian and Spanish descent
Means mix in Spanish
Mestizo
Privately owned ships hired by a gov’t to attack others
Sir Francis Drake is the most popular one (Sea Dog)
First English to sail around the world, helped to attack on Spanish
privateers
Master would pay for voyage and food in exchange for a certain amount of work
indentured servant
Royal family that unified england
Henry VII, daughter is Elizabeth
She made England leader of Protestant states of Europe
Tudors
Separatists who started Plymouth Colony - see those topics
Pilgrims
Strict Pacifists that lived in Pennsylvania - hated violence and against slavery
No bearing of arms, men and women are spiritually equal, good relationship w Indians, rejected ceremonies and authorities - obeyed Inner Light from God
Quakers
Had many roles, status was determined by men in their life, English common law governed the colonies
Colonial women
Found dignity and better life, brought ideas and customs from Europe (idea that people are not equal), wealth = land, gentry
Colonial Society
Became apprentices at an early age
Silversmiths, cabinet makers, tinsmiths
Artisans
Created by empty land: people turned to slaves from W Indies or Africa, Became reserved for people who were not Christians (pagans), Africans were not the only people brought to America by force, By mid-1700’s, 1 in 5 people in British America were of African descent
Slavery
English, blacks, Scots/Irish/Scotch-Irish, Germans, French Protestants
immigrants
Association formed to to lead popular protests
Group of men who protested British laws by words and boycott
Most active member: Sam Adams
From Boston
Sons of Liberty
Could be ready in a matter of minutes to fight
minutemen
Colonists who remained loyal to Britain
loyalists
Hired as soldiers by British
Hessains
Also known as a Patriot
Against Britain and the taxes
tories
Another name for the Hessians
mecercenaries
Critics of the constitution
Denounced it as a retreat from liberty won by the revolution
Disliked the lack of a bill of rights that would provide basic liberties protecting people from power of the government
Said the constitution increased power of central government and provided more elitist government by concentrating power in few people at a distance from most voters
Believed liberty could not survive unless federal government is weak
Might lose liabilities –far away
Losing ground from revolution
Want states to have power
Afraid of rich people
Get credit for bill of rights
Strict interpretation of constitution
anti federalists
Favored ratification of constitution
Included George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
Stressed weakness of Articles
Argued that new government based in the proposed constitution could overcome difficulties facing the new nation
Need strong federal government
Expand commerce
Broad interpretation of constitution
federalists
Someone who is loyal to their nation
nationalists
