Midterm- Battles and Documents

Question 1

crusades

Answer 1

Holy Wars
4 total
Purpose was to capture Jerusalem
1096-1291
Impact: Europeans brought back new ideas, spices, silks, dyes, gems, etc.
Led to more trading, for example Marco Polo

Question 2

Magna Carta

Answer 2

1215 - nobles revolted against King John and forced him to sign this
Limits power of the king in favor of Parliament
Aka Great Charter

Question 3

Bacons Rebellion

Answer 3

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon raised a private army to fight the Indians
Importance - Berkeley wasn’t protecting the poor people, who were willing to stand up for themselves
See book for details

Question 4

Mayflower Compact

Answer 4

Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony made it when they arrived
Bound themselves to obey all laws this new gov’t might enact
Covenant worked - it later became the foundation for MA and US

Question 5

King Phillips War

Answer 5

Metacom (called King Philip by settlers) was Indian leader of the revolt
By 1670, there were 45,000 people in 90 towns in New England
War was 1675-77
Metacom was killed in 1676
Results: English conquest of region nearly complete, almost no Indians, became dependent on England, led to Revolution
See book for more

Question 6

Glorious Revolution

Answer 6

New era of representative gov’t: Parliament showed it was supreme
William and Mary - joint monarchs
Preserved the power of Parliament

Question 7

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 7

Albany Plan of Union
Franklin’s plan for permanent union of the colonies that was rejected at the colonial congress at Albany, NY in 1754
Provided model for later US gov’t

Question 8

English Civil War

Answer 8

English Civil War 1640-1660
Charles vs. Parliament: he was trying to go behind Parliament’s back, Parliament won the war
Parliament ordered the execution of Charles - 1649
Oliver Cromwell governed England for the next decade
Parliament recognized need for stability: restored monarchy w Charles II in 1660
Focused on economic matters

Question 9

French and Indian War

Answer 9

Started in the colonies and spread to Europe after 2 years
Called 7 Years War in Europe
French win in the beginning, British win in the end
Battle at Duquesne 1755: French surprise attack on British - ⅓ British casualties
1758 - better prepared and led British begin to overwhelm the F&I in western PA and new France
Won Louisbourg, Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt), Fort Niagra
Iroquois began to support British
Fall of Quebec(capital of New France)
Wolfe (Br) vs. Montcalm (Fr)
Siege of the city - starve them out / cut off supplies
Knew war was almost over
Spain made mistake of joining war w only 2 years left
Lost Havana, Cuba and Manila, Philippines
Ended w Treaty of Paris
Results:
Loss of respect for British military power
Colonists believed British did not treat them w proper respect
Colonists saw no reason why they shouldn’t expand and prosper on their own without British help

Question 10

Pontiacs Rebellion

Answer 10

Causes
British traders showed interest in Great Lake regions and Ohio River Valley
Native Americans concerned that they would lose their land
Voiced their concerns to British officials
Ignored by Jeffery Amherst
Effects
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Indians goal was to weaken the British and lure French back into North America
Failed because they didn’t capture 3 largest ports
Detroit
Niagra
Fort Pitt (formally Fort Duquesne)
Indians had no European suppliers so ran short of gunpowder, shot, and guns
Standing army developed for protection of colonists
Government decided colonists needed to help pay for the cost
British wanted quick end to expensive war
Proclamation Line of 1763

Question 11

Proclamtion Line of 1763

Answer 11

Response to Pontiac’s Rebellion
Issued by King George
Closed region west of Appalachian Mts to all settlements by colonists
Britain signed peace treaties with the indians in rebellion
Colonists ignored the proclamation

Question 12

olive branch petition

Answer 12

Continental congress offered peace after Bunker Hill
King George III refused
Hired 30,000 Hessians

Question 13

Trenton

Answer 13

Trenton
Day after christmas 
Washington crosses delaware and attacks 
Surprises hessians who were partying because of Christmas 
Victory

Question 14

Kings Mountain

Answer 14

King’s Mountain
In south carolina
Patriots crushed loyalist militias and executed many prisoners

Question 15

Common Sense

Answer 15

Written by Thomas Paine 
Pamphlet 
Destined to show world ho people can rule themselves and be free of tyranny of kings 
100,000 copies sold
Basis for declaration

Question 16

Bunker Hill

Answer 16

Americans occupied 2 hills 
Breads 
Bunkers 
North of Boston 
Bloodiest conflict to every take place in Br and N. America
British General: Gage 
Result
Americans defeated because of no ammunition- called it a moral victory

Question 17

Declaration of Independence

Answer 17

Declaration of Independence
4 Parts 
Preamble
Declaration of Rights
Locke’s natural rights 
Jefferson
Grievances 
Complaints against king 
Resolution of Independence 
Results
Adopted July 4th by continental congress 
Independence!
Defined basic principles on which American government and society would rest 
Ordinary Citizens would have a strong voice in their own government

Question 18

The Crisis

Answer 18

Written by Thomas Paine

inspires Americans to cause of freedom

Question 19

Lexington

Answer 19

MA sees itself as target’
Prepares for war—> collect military supplies in Concord
Paul Revere warns minutemen

Question 20

Concord

Answer 20

Shot heard round the world

Question 21

Saratoga

Answer 21

British surrender 
Turning point of war 
Br General Burgoyne marched from Canada to invade New York’s Hudson River 
Fall into patriot trap at saratoga 
Burgoyne surrenders 
Greatest patriot victory yet 
Suggest US could win war

Question 22

New Jersey Plan

Answer 22

People wanted small change to the articles
Favored by the small states
Proposal introduced by William Patterson
Gave congress power to regulate commerce and to tax
Still kept 3 chief principles of the articles
Unicameral legislature
One house
Represented states as equal no matter population
Preserved executive committee
Instead of singular president
States remained sovereign
Except for specific powers granted to National Government
United states would remain a loose confederation

Question 23

Virginia Plan

Answer 23

Big changes 
Proposed by Maddison 
Wanted to secure power to tax and regulate commerce 
Divide power between 3 branches 
Legislative
Executive 
Judicial 
Bicameral Legislature 
2 houses 
House of Representatives 
Senate 
Representation in the houses depended on population 
Bigger state more say
Said congress had power to veto any state law 
Similar to what parliament did with colonial laws 
Called for a strong president 
7 year term
Could not be elected more than once 
Command armed forces 
Manage foreign relations 
Appoint executive and judicial officers 
Subject to approval by senate 
Only worry was that president would become king very easily 
Patrick henry worried about this

Question 24

The Great Compromise

Answer 24

Agreement between VA and NJ plan
Also called Connecticut Compromise
John Dickinson (Delaware) played key role
Said senate would be equal among all states
2 per state
House of Representatives would be Based on population
More power to larger states

Question 25

Articles of Confederation

Answer 25

Articles of Confederation
Original constitution for the union of states
Created by continental congress
Confederation: League or alliance of states that agree to work together
Congress designed a loose confederation of 13 states
Instead of strong and centralized nation
Under leadership of John Dickinson (PA)
Articles reflected principles of the declaration and rejected centralized power of the British Empire
Thought it would be a threat to liberty

Question 26

Shays Rebellion

Answer 26

Prices paid to farmers reduced
NO west indian market for hippings
Americans couldn’t pay for imported goods
Debts to british suppliers mounted
Importers sought to collect from their own debtors
Most of the debtors were farmers
Had no money because price of crops went down
Lost lawsuits for debt and lost their crops, livestocks and farms
Farmers took up arms to block these courts and stop the foreclosings
Did not want to lose their property or go to prison
Couldn’t pay the higher taxes
Daniel Shays was one of the famers leaders
Veteran of the revolutionary war
Led 1,000 farmers to seize weapons from Springfield Armory and try to shut down the courts
New republic of MA said they could not survive when people interfered with the courts
East MA had to raise and army to suppress Shays Rebellion
Others states avoid rebellion by satisfying debtors with relief measures
Some suspended lawsuits for debt until depression lifted
State laws flooded money supply with paper money
Paper money made it easier for debtors to pay
Reduced value that creditors could collect

Question 27

The Federalist Papers

Answer 27

85 essays
Case for ratification of constitution appeared here
Called The Federalist
Madison Hamilton and Jay wrote the essays published in New York newspapers
Essays argued separation of power in 3 branches would prevent concentration of power that was dreaded by the anti-federalists
No. 10, No. 51, and No. 78 were important essays
No. 10: leaders feared US without a strong government
No. 51: checks and balances in the constitution prevented any of the 3 branches from gaining too much power
No. 78: importance of judicial branch

Question 28

the constitution

Answer 28

Document created during the constitutional convention

Replaced the articles of confederation

Question 29

The Bill of Rights

Answer 29

First 10 amendments of the constitution
Anti-federalists credited for them
Drafted by Madison
Many individual rights

Question 30

3/5 compromise

Answer 30

⅗ Compromise
South vs. Northern states
South feared domination by north who had more free people and thought the north would threaten slave system
Georgia and South Carolina threatened to walk out if they weren’t promised constitutional protection of slavery
Maddison was torn
Despised slavery
But also owned slaves
He knew the south wouldn’t vote on a constitution against it
Assured constituents in VA that the constitution offered slavery
This security of slaves took 3 forms
Constitution forbade congress from blocking the importation of slaves for 20 years
GE and SC would import 100,000 slaves
Counted each slave as 3/5ths of a person when added to the states population
For when adding members to the house of representatives
People didn’t want south to have more representatives because of the slaves
Gave southern states more seats in congress and more power in presidential elections
Constitution committed all states to return fugitive slaves to their owners
Running away to a free state did not free a slave
Northerners required to help enforce slave system