Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Midterm One > Flashcards

Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

palpation

A

physical examination by touching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

auscultation

A

listening with stethoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

percussion

A

tapping with fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gross anatomy

A

visible with naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

histology

A

examination of cells with microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

physiology

A

the study of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anatomy

A

the study of form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inductive method

A

First described by Francis Bacon. making observations until capable of drawing generalizations and making predictions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hypothetico-deductive method

A

ask a question and formulate a hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anatomy and physiology are products of which respective methods?

A

inductive and hypothetic-deductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

experimental design

A

sample size, control and treatment groups (placebo), experimenter bias (double blind), stats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

scientific fact

A

information that can be independently verified by any trained person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

law of nature

A

description of the way matter and energy behave resulting from inductive reasoning and repeated observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

theory

A

summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts - explanations and predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evolution

A

change in genetic composition of a population of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

theory of natural selection

A

some individuals have hereditary advantages (adaptations) that let them reproduce more, pass these onto their offspring to change the genetic population (evolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

selection pressures

A

forces that favor some individuals over others: climate, disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of anatomical variation

A

missing organs, more or less organs, variation in organ location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

situs inversus

A

major visceral organs are reversed in position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dextrocardia

A

heart points toward right side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

situs perversus

A

mal position of ANY organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reference man

A

22 yo, 154 lbs, light physical activity, 2800 kcal/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

reference woman

A

22 yo, 128 lbs, light physical activity, 2000kcal/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

who coined the term homeostasis

A

Walter Cannon - indicated stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

dynamic equilbrium

A

fluctuates within a range around a certain set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

loss of homeostatic control?

A

illness or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

external stimuli

A

intense heat, cold, hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

internal stimuli

A

psychological stresses, exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

blood gas level control

A

exercise increases CO2 levels in blood, sensory receptors detect change, nervous system increases HR and breathing rate to remove excess CO2, adrenal gland releases epi to increase HR and breathing rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

blood temperature control

A

vasodilation when hot, vasoconstriction when cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

negative feedback examples

A

blood pressure, blood sugar, pH, osmotic concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

receptor and example

A

structure that senses change. stretch receptors in heart and large blood vessels send info of an elevated BP to inegrator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

integrator and example

A

control center. cardiac center in brainstem that signals heart to slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

effector and example

A

structures that carry out commands of control center. heart slows and BP decreases, sweating begins and evaporation cools body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

positive feedback

A

physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying). way to produce rapid changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

positive feedback examples

A

birth.
1. head of fetus pushes against cervix
2. nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to brain
3. brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
4. oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus
5. oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus towards cervix
blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

eponyms

A

structures named after people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nomina anatomica

A

rejected all eponyms and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Terminologia Anatomica

A

codified in 1998

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

valence electrons

A

outermost shell, interact with other atoms, determine chemical behavior, octet rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

anion

A

negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

catio

A

positively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

electrolytes

A

salts that ionize water, form solutions capable of conducting electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

most abundant electrolytes in body?

A

sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are electrolytes used for?

A

nerve and muscle function. IMbalance can lead to muscle cramps, brittle bones or coman and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

free radical

A

a particle with an odd number of electrons (ex. superoxide anion ) O2-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are free radicals produced by?

A

metabolic reactions, radiation, chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what do free radicals do to the body?

A

causes tissue damage by triggering chain reactions that destroy molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

antioxidants

A

neutralize free radicals (superoxide dismutase enzyme, vitamin E, C, carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

ionic bond

A

relatively weak attraction between anion and cation, easily disrupted by water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of one or more electron pairs between nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

nonpolar covalent

A

electrons equally distributed between two nuclei. Strongest type of chemical bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

polar covalent

A

electrons unequally distributed between nuclei resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule. Used in folding of molecules, between nucleotides in DNA

58
Q

solvency

A

the ability to dissolve matter

59
Q

hydrophilic

A

charged substances that dissolve easily in water

60
Q

hydrophobic

A

neutral substances that do not easily dissolve in water

61
Q

water

A

universal solvent, important for metabolic reactions and transport of substances

62
Q

polarity of water

A

uneven sharing of valence e-; partial negative near O and partial positive near H atoms

63
Q

why does polarity benefit water?

A

makes it a good solvent for ionic or polar substances, gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to moderate temperature changes

64
Q

water as a solvent

A

polar covalent bonds, can interact with 4 or more neighboring ions/molecules

65
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

water added to a large molecule to split it up ex. digestion of food

66
Q

dehydration reaction

A

two small molecules brought together to synthesize larger molecule releasing water (peptide synthesis)

67
Q

What does it mean for water to have a high heat capacity?

A

can absorb a lot of heat with only a small increase in its own temperature due to the the large number of H bonds in water (these bonds are broken instead of raising temperature)

68
Q

heat of vaporization for water

A

also high - evaporation of water from the skin removes large amount of heat

69
Q

cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds linking nearby water molecules

70
Q

what does cohesion result in?

A

high surface tension, difficult to break the surface of liquid

71
Q

respiratory problems caused by waters cohesive property

A

air sacs of lungs are more difficult to inflate

72
Q

how does water act as a lubricant in the body?

A

mucus in respiratory and digestive systems, synovial fluid in joints, serous fluids in chest and abdominal cavities

73
Q

acid

A

proton donor

74
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

75
Q

pH

A

concentration of H+ ions in a solution, -log[H+]

76
Q

what are reaction rates affected by?

A

concentration, temperature and catalysts

77
Q

how does concentration affect reaction rate?

A

more concentrated = more collisions = faster rxn

78
Q

how does temperature affect reaction rate?

A

higher temperature = greater collision force = faster rxn

79
Q

how do catalysts affect reaction rate?

A

speed up reactions without permanent change to itself, lower activation energy

80
Q

organic molecules

A

carbon compounds and functional groups (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides and nuclei acids)

81
Q

common molecules with hydroxyl groups

A

sugars, alcohols

82
Q

common molecules with methyl groups

A

fats, oils, steroids, amino acids

83
Q

common molecules with carboxyl groups

A

amino acids, sugars, proteins

84
Q

common molecules with amino groups

A

amino acids, proteins

85
Q

common molecules with phosphate group

A

nucleic acids, ATP

86
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water. usually anabolic and endergonic

87
Q

hydrolysis

A

splitting of polymer by the addition of a water molecule; catabolic and usually exergonic

88
Q

oxidation

A

molecule releases electrons and energy, often as H atoms

89
Q

reduction

A

molecule accepts electrons and gains chemical energy

90
Q

carbohydrates

A

hydrophilic organic molecule. (CH2O)n act as a form of energy

91
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrates

92
Q

what are the three major monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

93
Q

disaccharides

A

pairs of monosaccharides

94
Q

three major disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

95
Q

sucrose

A

fructose and glucose

96
Q

lactose

A

galactose and glucose

97
Q

fructose

A

glucose and glucose

98
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose and glycogen

99
Q

starch

A

produced by plants is digested by amylase

100
Q

cellulose

A

gives structure to plants, fiber to our diet (we can’t break it down)

101
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage polysaccharides, synthesized by liver after meal

102
Q

where are glycolipids found?

A

external surface of cell membrane

103
Q

where are glycoproteins found?

A

external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tracts

104
Q

where are proteoglycans found?

A

carbohydrate component domain, cell adhesion, gelatinous filler of tissues and lubricates joints

105
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic organic molecule. less oxidized that carbs, have more calories per fram

106
Q

fatty acids

A

chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms between a carboxyl group and a methyl group

107
Q

saturated

A

no double bonds

108
Q

unsaturated

A

double bonds

109
Q

triglyceride synthesis

A

three fatty acids bonded to glycerol by dehydration synthesis. Become a neutral fat

110
Q

lipase

A

hydrolyzes fats

111
Q

phospholipids

A

amphiphilic character with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

112
Q

eicosanoid and example

A

derived by arachidonic acid (a fatty acid). Prostaglandins (inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions, control of blood vessel diameter)

113
Q

what is the function of eicosanoids?

A

chemical signals between cells

114
Q

steroids

A

derived from cholesterol

115
Q

functions of steroids?

A

proper nervous system function and important component for cell membrane fluidity

116
Q

proteins

A

polymer of amino acids

117
Q

amino acids

A

determine structure and function of proteins

118
Q

primary structure

A

amino acid sequence

119
Q

secondary structure

A

a-helices and beta-pleated sheets held together by H bonds

120
Q

tertiary structure

A

interaction of large segments to each other and surrounding water (hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions) - disulfide bridges and ionic bridges also

121
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more separate polypeptide chains interacting

122
Q

conjugated protein

A

contain a non-amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group

123
Q

hemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide chains, each chain has a complex iron ring with a heme moiety

124
Q

protein conformation

A

overall 3D shape is crucial to function, they have an ability to change this to carry out their function

125
Q

denaturation

A

drastic conformational change that destroys protein function

126
Q

functions of proteins

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement and cell adhesion

127
Q

what are some structural proteins?

A

collagen and keratin

128
Q

ligand

A

molecule that reversibly binds to a protein

129
Q

how do proteins aid in membrane transport?

A

can form channels and act as carriers

130
Q

what proteins are involved in recognition and protection?

A

glycoprotein antigens, antibodies and clotting proteins

131
Q

enzymes

A

function as biological catalysts by lowering activation energy, also help to properly orient colliding molecules

132
Q

enzyme naming convention

A

now named with their substrate with -ase as suffix

133
Q

enzymes are…

A

highly specific, very efficient and under nuclear control

134
Q

active sute

A

area on enzyme that attracts and binds a substrate

135
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

temporarily changes a substrates conformation, promoting reactions to occur

136
Q

enzyme-substrate specificity

A

active site is specific for a particular substrate

137
Q

effects of temperature and pH on enzymes

A

change reaction rate by altering enzyme shape

138
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein partners that can bind and change enzyme shape creating an active site; often necessary

139
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors from water soluble vitamins

140
Q

what is the cofactor for coenzyme A?

A

pantothenic acid (coenzyme A synthesizes triglycerides and ATP

141
Q

what is the cofactor for NAD+ and FAD?

A

niacin in NAD+ and riboflavin (B2) in FAD

142
Q

galactosemia

A

inherited disorder, baby lacks digestive enzyme, galactose accumulates in blood causing anorexia (body thinks it is full, but actually none of this is being turned into useful glucose because the enzyme is not there), treatment is elimination of milk from the diet

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions