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Small Animal Nutrition > Midterm, lectures 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Midterm, lectures 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe differences in feeding behavior and nutrient needs of healthy dogs and cats

A
  • cats are carnivores, dogs are omnivores
  • protein requirements: is main fuel for GNG, GNG enzymes are continuously active
  • CHO utilization in cats: no liver glucokinase, decreased pancreatic amylase
  • essential nutrients required by cats: taurine, arginine, arachidonic acid, pre-formed Vit A, niacin, pyridoxine (B6)
  • both require Vit D to be added to the diet
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2
Q

Hoe does RER differ from DER

A

RER doesn’t include things like digestion

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3
Q

Describe differences in utilization of nutrients by the aging pets when compared to young-middle aged pets

A

Energy- inactivity and lowered BMR
Protein- decreased lean body mass, increased fat mass, decreased protein utilization
Digestibility- decreased ability to digest food
Phosphorus- excess progresses renal disease when present
Sodium- excess perpetuates hypertension
Antioxidants and B vitamins

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4
Q

Which body/organ systems are commonly affected by age?

A
  • joints (degenerative joint disease)
  • obesity
  • heart
  • dental disease
  • sensory functions
  • renal
  • appetite fluctuations
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5
Q

Compare nutrient concentrations (increased vs decreased) in adult maint food vs “senior” food

A
  • some senior diets reduce protein, P, Na; others don’t reduce protein
  • may have more antioxidants and B vitamins?
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6
Q

Describe feeding management guidelines for senior pets

A
  • minimize stress with a daily routine
  • portion controlled, multiple meals/day
  • highly palatable, strong smelling diets
  • high quality ingredients
  • maintain routine dental care
  • moderate daily exercise
  • therapeutic diet PRN (means as needed)
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7
Q

Compare nutritional needs of the bitch and queen during maintenance vs throughout reproductive life-stage. Consider this comparison based on stages of reproductive cycle.

A
  • the requirements for protein, fat, Ca, P are all lower for maintenance animals than during reproduction
  • for breeding fed the dog maintenance diet, feed cat growth/lactation (g-l) diet
  • gestation: bitch- maint for first 4 wks, then g-l last 5 wks; queen- g-l
  • parturition: loss of appetite 24-48 hrs prior, multiple small meals late gestation, g-l
  • lactation: energy needs determined by size of liter, require 4-5 times maint, milk production peaks at 3-4 wks, provide water free choice
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8
Q

What are the consequences of underfeeding on reproductive performance?

A
  • small litter size, low birth weight
  • increased neonatal morbidity and mortality
  • decreased milk yield, immunity, response to vacc
  • decreased fertility
  • hair lass and weight loss in dam
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9
Q

What are the consequences of overfeeding on repro performance?

A
  • decreased ovulation and fertility

- small litters

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10
Q

What are the consequences of protein deficiency on repro performance?

A
  • low birth wt
  • increased neonatal morbidity/mortality
  • decreased immunity
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11
Q

What are the consequences of CHO-free food on repro performance?

A
  • low birth wt
  • increased neonatal morbidity/mortality
  • increased still births
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12
Q

What are the consequences of Zn deficiency on repro performance?

A
  • fetal resorption

- small liters

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13
Q

What are the consequences of Fe and B vitamin deficiencies on repro performance?

A
  • decreased immunity and response to vacc
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14
Q

What are the consequences of vit A excess on repro performance?

A
  • congenital abnormalities

- small litters

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15
Q

What is the consequence of vit D excess on repro performance?

A
  • soft-tissue calcification
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16
Q

Describe trends of body weight changes of bitch and queen during gestation and lactation.

A

Gestation- bitch has 15-25% BW increase, queen has 40% BW increase
Lactation- feed to maintain optimal BW and BCS

17
Q

How would you feed breeding sires that have a loss of appetite and are losing weight?

A

Feed a growth/lactation diet, remember that large breed puppy food does NOT meet this requirement

18
Q

Describe objectives of weaning and weaning protocol

A

Goal: alleviate mammary discomfort
Day before: - separate dam from babies during day
- withhold food from dam
- reunite at night but withhold all food
Day of: - completely wean babies
- gradually transition dam to adult maintenance diet and DERm over 3-4 days
- monitor for mastitis

19
Q

How does nutrient metabolism differ when a patient is hypometabolic vs hypermetabolic?

A

Hypometabolic- starved animal; CHO stores (glycogen) are depleted in 28 hrs, Fat is the major metabolic fuel by day 3, preserves lean tissue (protein), adaptive response, as fat is depleted catabolism of lean muscle mass eventually occurs to provide energy
Hypermetabolic- critically ill animal; stress is initiated by perfusion shock, severe inflammation, sepsis, extensive tissue injury; neuroendocrine response stimulates metabolic rate; release of pro-inflammatory mediators leads to insulin resistance, hyperglycemia

20
Q

What are the physiological differences b/t simple starvation and illness associated anorexia? How do they relate to nutrient metabolism and nutritional support goals?

A
  • illness associated anorexia has markedly increased activation of inflammatory mediators, catabolism, GNG, and malnutrition, a marked decrease in protein synthesis
  • starvation has slight increases in activation of mediators, GNG, malnutrition and slight decreases in protein synthesis, catabolism, and energy expendature; these changes are less severe than in an ill patient b/c the animal has adapted to food deprivation
21
Q

What are the indications for nutritional support (NS)?

A
  • clinical history: recent wt loss >10% BW, food deprivation >3 days, sx/trauma, increased losses/requirements, catabolic drugs
  • physical exam: change in BW, BSC, poor MCS, muscle weakness, change in activity level
  • lab abnormalities: no single test can detect nutritional status! CBC, TP, albumin, BUN, creatinine, ALKP, fecal, immune function tests may be helpful
22
Q

Describe specific goals for NS

A
  • stop catabolism
  • meet caloric requirements
  • maintain BW
  • maintain gut integrity and function
  • optimize immune function and wound healing
  • avoid complications associated with feeding
23
Q

Why is overfeeding critically ill patients contraindicated?

A
  • too much too fast can kill them

- make sure to correct electrolyte imbalances first

24
Q

What are the criteria to choose the route for assisted feeding?

A
  • length of time NS is needed
  • risk of anesthesia
  • patient’s neurologic status (gag reflex)
  • condition of GIT (if it is functional, use it)
  • patient’s temperament
  • clinician’s experience
  • extent of sx required
  • patient’s overall condition
25
Q

Be familiar with methods of enteral nutritional support

A
  • enhancing oral intake
  • force-feeding
  • tube feeding
26
Q

Methods of enhancing oral intake

A
  • quiet location, being able to hide
  • reduce physical barriers (e-collars, bowl location)
  • food texture (semi-solids, slurries, liquid diets)
  • food bowls (elevated, wide and shallow for cats)
  • feeding frequency
  • increasing palatabilty
27
Q

Describe types of feeding tubes commonly used for dogs and cats

A
  • orogastric (1-2 days of NS, placed for each feeding)
  • nasoesophageal (several days, patients with hig anesthesia risk)
  • esophagostomy aka E-tube (wks-mos, requires surgical placement)
  • gastrostomy aka PEG or G-tube (mos-yrs, bypass pharynx and esophagus, placed sx, endoscopy, or blindly)
  • enerostomy aka J-tube (placed sx in jejunum, requires continuous feeding of liquid diet by pump, not used very often)
  • G-J tube
28
Q

How would you determine the food dosage for a liquid diet or a blend of canned diet?

A

total energy required (kcals) / energy density of diet (kcal/ml)
- remember to start feedings at 25-50% RER

29
Q

General guidelines for tube feeding

A
  • flush with warm water before and after feeding
  • check residual volumes
  • offer fresh diet before each scheduled feeding to assess voluntary intake
  • wean patients from tube when voluntarily consuming 75% RER daily
  • remove tube when patient is consuming 100% RER and BW gain/maint trend is established
  • keep monitoring and adjusting your feeding plan
30
Q

What are the components of parenteral solution?

A
  • 50% dextrose
  • 8.5 or 10% amino acid soln (with or without electrolytes)
  • 20% lipid emulsion
  • Vit B complex
  • mineral, additives, etc.
  • can add crystalloids if required
31
Q

List some indications for parenteral feeding

A
  • vomiting

- malabsorption

32
Q

Mixing order of substrates for parenteral nutrition is important

A

dextrose
amino acids
lipids
additives

33
Q

Delivery of parenteral nutrition

A
  • initiate after electrolytes and acid-base abnormalities have been corrected
  • initiate at 25-50% RER (increase as indicated)
  • IV continuous infusion pump
  • gradually stop (to avoid hypoglycemia)
34
Q

Monitoring of parenteral nutriton

A
  • TPR
  • BW and BCS
  • blood and urine glucose
  • PCV/TP/albumin
  • serum lipids (gross evaluation)
  • depending on clinical disease: BUN, ammonia, electrolytes
35
Q

What are the common complications of parenteral nutrition?

A
  • mechanical (catheter related, osmolarity)
  • septic (latrogenic, improper catheter maint, GIT bacterial translocation)
  • metabolic (hyperglycemia/glucosuria, electrolyte disturbances, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, others)
36
Q

How to calculate parenteral nutrition for a patient

A
  • Lipid: RER (kcals ME/day) x (0-80%) = lipid kcals
    lipid kcals / energy density of soln = mls of soln
  • CHO: RER x (20-100%) = CHO kcals
    CHO kcals / energy density of soln = mls of CHO soln
  • Protein: RER x #g/100 kcal DER = g/day
    g/day / 0.085 = mls of 8.5% amino acid soln

Small Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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