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Small Animal Nutrition > Midterm, lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Midterm, lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 aspects of the ACVN circle of nutrition

A

Who is being fed
What food
How is it being fed

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2
Q

What is the purpose of nutritional assesment

A

To identify problems, which leads to optimal diet choice to help prevent disease or most appropriately manage a disease for improved patient outcomes

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3
Q

Describe the steps of nutritional screening evaluation

A
  • part of your history and physical exam
  • BCS
  • Muscle condition score
  • diet history
  • feeding management
  • environment
  • energy in food
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4
Q

Muscle Condition Score

A
  • subjective assessment of the degree of muscle loss

- early muscle loss [mild] warrants intervention

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5
Q

Diet history

A

What is fed

includes treats, table scraps, supplements

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6
Q

Feeding management

A
  • How much
  • How often
  • How is it fed (in bow, by hand, etc)
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7
Q

Environment

A
  • other animals in household
  • do they have access to other pet food
  • do they share bowls
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8
Q

Energy in food

A
  • food amount
  • amount in treats, etc.
  • calculate total daily calories from diet
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9
Q

Extended Nutritional Assessment is optional for

A
  • healthy dogs with demanding life-stages that may warrant closer attention to detail (extremely high or low activity, multiple pet household, gestation/lactation, growth/senior)
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10
Q

Extended Nutritional Assessment is indicated for

A

unhealthy dogs

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11
Q

When do you need to perform an extended evaluation?

A

when one or more nutrition related risk factors are detected or suspected

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12
Q

Extended Evaluation- animal specifics

A
  • history of disease
  • presence of disease
  • current medications
  • CBC for anemia status
  • Serum Chemistry for organ functions
  • Urinalysis (specific gravity, pH, crystals, UPC)
  • T4
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13
Q

Nutritional assessment of the diet

A
  • is the current food appropriate for the patient
  • if not recommend a different food
  • recommend appropriate treats as needed
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14
Q

Assess the feeding management

A
  • is the current feeding management appropriate; if not create an appropriate feeding plan
  • for obese patients this may include exercise, behavior modification, weight control medication
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15
Q

Feeding Plan

A
  • amount of food
  • determine energy density of food
  • divide energy requirement of animal by energy density of the diet
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16
Q

How do you calculate the DER of an outpatient dog or cat

A

DER = RER * DER factor

is in kcal/day

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17
Q

What do you use for hospitalized patients to determine daily energy requirements?

A

RER = 70*(BW in kg)^0.75

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18
Q

What are some reliable methods to assess the nutritional status of small animals

A
  • appetite/ intake
  • BCS/BW
  • appearance/ activity
  • V+/D+
19
Q

What are the factors associated with fading puppy/kitten syndrome

A
  • hypothermia
  • deficient colostrum intake
  • immune deficiency
  • infection
20
Q

Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome due to hypothermia

A
  • slow warming over 1-3 hrs
  • warm patient up to 97-98F
  • ambient temperature 84-93F after warming, humidity 55-65%
21
Q

Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome due to hypoglycemia

A
  • correct only after body temperature is restored
  • application of karo syrup to mucous membranes (gums)
  • nurse 4-6 times/day in 1st week of life
22
Q

Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome with dehydration

A
  • warm SQ fluids
  • 1 ml/30 g BW of LRS/saline
  • repeat as needed
23
Q

Describe health and nutritional monitoring of neonatal puppies and kittens

A
  • steady weight gain
  • hydration status
  • normal stools
  • attitude/behavior
  • these parameters are used for adjustment of caloric and fluid intake
24
Q

Describe feeding management for pups and kitties prior to complete weaning

A

1-4 wks- dam’s milk
4 wks- add gruel 3-4 times/day
5-6 wks- gruel primary source of nutrition
8 wks- weaned from dam

25
Q

Feeding guidelines for orphaned puppies and kitties

A

1-2 wks- 13-17 ml/100 g BW 5-6 times/day
3-4 wks- 20-22 ml/100 g BW 4 times/day, introduce water and gruel
- puppies can have 10-20 ml/feeding
- kittens can have 3-10 ml/feeding

26
Q

Feeding methods for orphans

A
  • bottle feeding

- tube feeding

27
Q

Bottle feeding

A
  • small animal or baby nurse bottle
  • horizontal slit opening NOT round hole
  • warm milk replacer to 100F in warm water bath
  • hold neonate in horizontal position
28
Q

Tube feeding

A
  • use 5-8 Fr tube
  • premeasure and mark tube 75% distance from the nose to the last rib
  • lube tube
  • gently advance the tube to premeasured mark
  • hold neonate in horizontal position
  • administer warm formula over 1-2 minutes
  • palpate abd for distention
29
Q

If diarrhea is observed in orphan

A
  • reduce feeding volume
  • you can dilute formula with water but remember that this also dilutes the calories
  • gradually return to levels that meet caloric requirement
30
Q

Diets used for nutritional support of orphans

A
  • colostrum or parental serum
  • foster mother
  • milk replacers
31
Q

What are the consequences of too high or too low caloric density of milk replacer when fed to orphaned neonates? How can this be managed?

A
  • abnormal weight gain, irregular stool
  • increase or decrease caloric intake as needed
  • decrease volume of formula if diarrhea then slowly build back up to normal caloric amount
32
Q

What are the key nutritional factors for growing puppies and kitties?

A
  • energy
  • protein
  • calcium and phosphorus
33
Q

Calculate DER for growth

A
  • at weaning (50% of adult BW) RER*3
  • 50-80% BW RER*2.5
  • 80% BW RER*2
34
Q

What are the key nutritional factors associated with DOD?

A
  • excess Ca/energy
  • Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) due to Ca deficiency
  • Rickets, Vit D deficiency even with adequate Ca and P
35
Q

How do large breed growth diets differ from growth diets formulated for a small/medium breed puppy?

A
  • large breed growth diets tend to have less Ca and lower energy density to help reduce occurrence of DOD, b/c of this it is not an appropriate gestation/lactation diet for bitches
36
Q

Which nutrient is responsible for Deforming Cervical Spondylosis in cats?
Which feeding practice is responsible for this disease?

A
  • Vit A

- unconventional diets with a high amount of liver

37
Q

Feeding management for growing cats

A
  • kittens free-choice until spy/neuter
    Meal feeding: feed 3-4 meals/day until 4-6 mos old
    feed 2 meals/day after 6 mos
  • feed for average growth rate
  • maintain BCS 5/9
  • DO NOT supplement a balanced diet for a healthy pet
38
Q

Nutritional management of DOD

  • excessive Ca/energy
  • NSHP
  • Rickets
A
  • commercial diet with appropriate concentrations of energy, Ca, P and Vit D
  • feed a balanced diet
  • improvement in mineralization should be obvious in 3 wks after diet change, will be complete after several more wks
39
Q

When do puppies and kitties reach mature size?

A
  • large breed at 12-16 m
  • small/medium breeds at 9-12 m
  • cats at 9-12 m
40
Q

Slight underfeeding of energy

A

slows growth but doesn’t influence the adult size

41
Q

Overfeeding energy

A
  • increased fat deposition = juvenile obesity
  • more rapid growth rate
  • increased risk of DOD
42
Q

Protein needs during growth ____ maintenance

A

>

43
Q

What does high quality, highly digestible protein mean?

A

rich in essential amino acids

44
Q

Secondary problems associated with excess dietary Ca

A

Zinc deficiency within 2-3 m

- impaired growth, anorexia, conjunctivitis, poor hair coat, skin lesions

Small Animal Nutrition (10 decks)

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