Midterm, lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards
Describe the 3 aspects of the ACVN circle of nutrition
Who is being fed
What food
How is it being fed
What is the purpose of nutritional assesment
To identify problems, which leads to optimal diet choice to help prevent disease or most appropriately manage a disease for improved patient outcomes
Describe the steps of nutritional screening evaluation
- part of your history and physical exam
- BCS
- Muscle condition score
- diet history
- feeding management
- environment
- energy in food
Muscle Condition Score
- subjective assessment of the degree of muscle loss
- early muscle loss [mild] warrants intervention
Diet history
What is fed
includes treats, table scraps, supplements
Feeding management
- How much
- How often
- How is it fed (in bow, by hand, etc)
Environment
- other animals in household
- do they have access to other pet food
- do they share bowls
Energy in food
- food amount
- amount in treats, etc.
- calculate total daily calories from diet
Extended Nutritional Assessment is optional for
- healthy dogs with demanding life-stages that may warrant closer attention to detail (extremely high or low activity, multiple pet household, gestation/lactation, growth/senior)
Extended Nutritional Assessment is indicated for
unhealthy dogs
When do you need to perform an extended evaluation?
when one or more nutrition related risk factors are detected or suspected
Extended Evaluation- animal specifics
- history of disease
- presence of disease
- current medications
- CBC for anemia status
- Serum Chemistry for organ functions
- Urinalysis (specific gravity, pH, crystals, UPC)
- T4
Nutritional assessment of the diet
- is the current food appropriate for the patient
- if not recommend a different food
- recommend appropriate treats as needed
Assess the feeding management
- is the current feeding management appropriate; if not create an appropriate feeding plan
- for obese patients this may include exercise, behavior modification, weight control medication
Feeding Plan
- amount of food
- determine energy density of food
- divide energy requirement of animal by energy density of the diet
How do you calculate the DER of an outpatient dog or cat
DER = RER * DER factor
is in kcal/day
What do you use for hospitalized patients to determine daily energy requirements?
RER = 70*(BW in kg)^0.75
What are some reliable methods to assess the nutritional status of small animals
- appetite/ intake
- BCS/BW
- appearance/ activity
- V+/D+
What are the factors associated with fading puppy/kitten syndrome
- hypothermia
- deficient colostrum intake
- immune deficiency
- infection
Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome due to hypothermia
- slow warming over 1-3 hrs
- warm patient up to 97-98F
- ambient temperature 84-93F after warming, humidity 55-65%
Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome due to hypoglycemia
- correct only after body temperature is restored
- application of karo syrup to mucous membranes (gums)
- nurse 4-6 times/day in 1st week of life
Management of fading puppy/kitten syndrome with dehydration
- warm SQ fluids
- 1 ml/30 g BW of LRS/saline
- repeat as needed
Describe health and nutritional monitoring of neonatal puppies and kittens
- steady weight gain
- hydration status
- normal stools
- attitude/behavior
- these parameters are used for adjustment of caloric and fluid intake
Describe feeding management for pups and kitties prior to complete weaning
1-4 wks- dam’s milk
4 wks- add gruel 3-4 times/day
5-6 wks- gruel primary source of nutrition
8 wks- weaned from dam
Feeding guidelines for orphaned puppies and kitties
1-2 wks- 13-17 ml/100 g BW 5-6 times/day
3-4 wks- 20-22 ml/100 g BW 4 times/day, introduce water and gruel
- puppies can have 10-20 ml/feeding
- kittens can have 3-10 ml/feeding
Feeding methods for orphans
- bottle feeding
- tube feeding
Bottle feeding
- small animal or baby nurse bottle
- horizontal slit opening NOT round hole
- warm milk replacer to 100F in warm water bath
- hold neonate in horizontal position
Tube feeding
- use 5-8 Fr tube
- premeasure and mark tube 75% distance from the nose to the last rib
- lube tube
- gently advance the tube to premeasured mark
- hold neonate in horizontal position
- administer warm formula over 1-2 minutes
- palpate abd for distention
If diarrhea is observed in orphan
- reduce feeding volume
- you can dilute formula with water but remember that this also dilutes the calories
- gradually return to levels that meet caloric requirement
Diets used for nutritional support of orphans
- colostrum or parental serum
- foster mother
- milk replacers
What are the consequences of too high or too low caloric density of milk replacer when fed to orphaned neonates? How can this be managed?
- abnormal weight gain, irregular stool
- increase or decrease caloric intake as needed
- decrease volume of formula if diarrhea then slowly build back up to normal caloric amount
What are the key nutritional factors for growing puppies and kitties?
- energy
- protein
- calcium and phosphorus
Calculate DER for growth
- at weaning (50% of adult BW) RER*3
- 50-80% BW RER*2.5
- 80% BW RER*2
What are the key nutritional factors associated with DOD?
- excess Ca/energy
- Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) due to Ca deficiency
- Rickets, Vit D deficiency even with adequate Ca and P
How do large breed growth diets differ from growth diets formulated for a small/medium breed puppy?
- large breed growth diets tend to have less Ca and lower energy density to help reduce occurrence of DOD, b/c of this it is not an appropriate gestation/lactation diet for bitches
Which nutrient is responsible for Deforming Cervical Spondylosis in cats?
Which feeding practice is responsible for this disease?
- Vit A
- unconventional diets with a high amount of liver
Feeding management for growing cats
- kittens free-choice until spy/neuter
Meal feeding: feed 3-4 meals/day until 4-6 mos old
feed 2 meals/day after 6 mos - feed for average growth rate
- maintain BCS 5/9
- DO NOT supplement a balanced diet for a healthy pet
Nutritional management of DOD
- excessive Ca/energy
- NSHP
- Rickets
- commercial diet with appropriate concentrations of energy, Ca, P and Vit D
- feed a balanced diet
- improvement in mineralization should be obvious in 3 wks after diet change, will be complete after several more wks
When do puppies and kitties reach mature size?
- large breed at 12-16 m
- small/medium breeds at 9-12 m
- cats at 9-12 m
Slight underfeeding of energy
slows growth but doesn’t influence the adult size
Overfeeding energy
- increased fat deposition = juvenile obesity
- more rapid growth rate
- increased risk of DOD
Protein needs during growth ____ maintenance
>
What does high quality, highly digestible protein mean?
rich in essential amino acids
Secondary problems associated with excess dietary Ca
Zinc deficiency within 2-3 m
- impaired growth, anorexia, conjunctivitis, poor hair coat, skin lesions
