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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Midterm - Lecture > Flashcards

Midterm - Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the sarcomere stay the same during contraction?

A

Width of A band and lengths of thin filaments do not change

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2
Q

What are the different types of muscle contraction

A

IsoTONIC - Tone is the same, Tension is constant but muscle changes length
- Concentric Isotonic - muscle shortens during a contraction (lifting weight)
- Essentric Isotonic Contraction - muscle lengths during contraction (slowly controlling down)
IsoMETRIC - Tension without changing the muslce length, important for posture, example - plank

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3
Q

What are the sequence of events in the contraction cycle of a muscle?

A
  1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ into sarcoplasm
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  3. Troponin moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding site on actin
  4. Contraction Cycle can begin
    - ATP Hydrolysis
    - Attachment of myosin to actin
    - Power stroke
    - Detachment of myosin from actin
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4
Q

Which type of ATP production do we do first? Which one is most efficient?

A

Creatine phosphate - first source of energy when muscle contraction occurs
Aerobic respiration is the most efficient, yields the most ATP

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5
Q

What are the layers and roles of the connective tissue in muscles?

A

Epimysium - Dense Irregular Conncective tissue that forms the outer layer around the entire muscle (Not present in cardiac muscle)
Perimysium - Dense Irregular Connective tissue that groups the 10-100 muscles fibers into fascicles
Endomysium - Reticular fibers, Separate the individual muscle fibers from one another

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6
Q

What determines the strenth of a contraction?

A

Size of the motor units and number of units activated at any given time

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7
Q

What are the four curves of the vertebral column?

A 
Cervical Lordosis
Thoracic Kyphosis
Lumbar Lordosis
Sacral Kyphosis
Lordosis - arch
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8
Q

What is the AOIN for the Quadratus Lumborum?

A 
Action: 
Unilaterally: 
Laterally Flex the Vertebral Column 
Tilt the Pelvis Laterally
Assist to Extend the Vertebral Column
Bilaterally: 
Fix the last rib during forced inhallation / Exhallation
Origin:
Posterio Iliac Crest
Insertion:
Last Rib and Trasverse Process of L1-L4
Nerve:
Branch of T12 and L1 (Lumbar Plexus)
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9
Q

What are the types of ATP production within muscle cells?

A

Creatine phosphate
Aerobic Respiration - oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration - pyruvate / lactic acide

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10
Q

What parts of the sarcomere can disappear during maxiumal contraction?

A

I Band and H Zones can disappear during maximal contraction

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11
Q

In epidermal wound healing, what is the main cell involved?

A

Basal cells

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12
Q

What controls the force of contraction / tension produced in a muscle fiber?

A

Frequency of stimulation (#impulses/second at NMJ)

Number of fibers stimulated

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13
Q

What is the sequence of healing in deep wounds?

A 
*I Might Puke Monday*
Inflammation (Prep for repair) 
Migratory (Network) 
Proliferation (Fill in the gaps) 
Maturation (Reorganization)
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14
Q

What are the muscle groups for inspiration and expiration?

A

Primary -
- Diaphragm
Accessory -
- Intercostals External (Inhalation) / Internal (Exhalation)
- Serratus Superior (Inhalation) / Inferior (Exhalation)
- Scalene, Sternocleidomastoid
- Quadratus Lomborum (Fix the last rib during forced inhalation/exhalation)

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15
Q

What is acetylcholine and what is its function in the body?

A

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released at the Neuromuscular junction and forms the bridge between a nerve action potential and triggers a muscle action potential

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16
Q

What are the Ligaments of the spine?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament - primary spine stabilizer, thickest prevents Hyperextention
Posterior Logitudinal Ligament - primary spine stabilizer
Ligumentum Nuchae - Occipital Protuberance to spinous process of C7
Supraspinous Ligament - Extends from LN to spinus process of thorocolumbar vertebrae
Interspinous
Nuchal Ligament
Transverse Ligaments

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17
Q

What is the order of skin layers, which layer(s) only exist in thick (hairless) skin?

A 
*BattleStar Gallactical Love Child*
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (clear, only in thick) 
Stratum Corneum
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18
Q

What are the types of synovial joints and their movements?

A

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball & Socket

Gliding, Angular, Rotation, Special Mvmts

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19
Q

What is the structure of an intervertebral disc (IV)

A

Anulus Fibrosus - the outer, fibrous, thick layer (thicker in the front - more likely to ‘slip’ to the back

Nucleus Pulposus - inner gelatinus spongy mass / cushion

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20
Q

What is the Phrenic Nerve, what does it innervate and why is it important?

A

The Phrenic Nerve innervates the Diaphragm - if it is injured / severed (C3,4,5), then the person can no longer breathe on their own

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21
Q

What are the key differences between epithelial and connective tissue?

A 
Epithelial: 
Many cells packed tightly together
Little to no extra cellular matrix
No blood vessels
Almost always forms surface layers
Almost always adjacent to connective tissue

Connective:
Widely Scattered Cells (Blood)
Large amount of extracellular material
Significant networks of blood vessels

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22
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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23
Q

What are the three muscles that connect to the Pes Anserinus Tendon?

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosis

24
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins in skeletal muscle?

A

Actin (Thin Filaments), Myocin (Thick Filaments with Tail & Head)

25
Q

Which muscles are voluntary vs. involuntary?

A

Skeletal Muscles are VOLUNTARY (Somatic Nervous System)

Cardiac and Smooth Muscles are INVOLUNTARY

26
Q

Is a synovial membrane an epithelial membrane?

A

No!

27
Q

What are the types of Epithelial membranes?

A

Mucous Membrane — lines body cavity, exposed to external environment

Serous Membrane — lines body cavities not exposed to external, covers organs within cavities

Cutaneous Membranes — skin membranes, covers entire surface of body (Dermis, Epidermis)

28
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue arrangements?

A

Arrangement
Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified - multiple layers

*Shape*
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar 
Transitional
29
Q

Which muscles are not striated?

A

Smooth Muscle

30
Q

What are the primary components and characteristics of a Synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule, Synovial fluid with hyaluronic acid, Accessory Ligaments, Discs, Labrum, and Bursa/Tendon Sheaths

31
Q

What are the different types and examples of Fibrous joints?

A

Sutures — bones of the skull, start as amphi but become synarthroses

Syndesmoses - fibrous with greater distance, GOMPHOSIS - teeth

Interosseous Membrane - thick dense fibrous sheet that binds neighboring longbones for increased attachment surfaces

32
Q

What are the muscles of the Erector Spinae Group From Lateral to Medial

A

From Lateral to Medial:

  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
33
Q

Which muscles have striations?

A

Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle

34
Q

What are the different types of skin glands?

A

Sebaceous glands - sebum/oil, mostly connected to hair follicles, soft and pliable

Sudoriferous glands - sweat glands, Eccrine - secretes outword and Apocrine - milky/exco

Ceruminous glands - earwax, modified sweat glands

35
Q

What are the regulatory proteins in skeletal muscles?

A

Tropomyocin (covers myocin binding sites),

Troponin (holds tropomyocin in place - Ca++ bonds here and changes shape)

36
Q

What are the different types and examples of Cartilagenous Joints?

A

Synchondroses - Between first rib/manubrium, Amphi to synarthrosis

Symphyses - Ex. Pubic bone, hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal Cartilages - aka growth plate, synarthrosis

37
Q

What are the different surfaces of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical - surface, faces surface, cavity, lumen, duct

Lateral - faces adjacent cells

Basal - contains basement membrane

38
Q

What are the main components of a muscle cell that differentiate from other cells?

A

Sarcolemma - Plasma membrane of a muscle cells, contains T-Tubles

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - contain Terminal Cisterns that contact T-Tubules, relase Ca+ Ions

100+ Myoblasts - many nucleus in each cell

Sarcomere - functional unit of a Myofibril (contractile organelle in Muscle cell)

39
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction

A

The synapse between a Motor Neuron and skeletal muscle fiber — consists of

  • Axon Terminal
  • Synaptic Bouton
  • Synaptic Vesicle
  • Synaptic Cleft
40
Q

What are the different types of muscle fibers?

A 
Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO) - Endurance, aerobic respiration
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers (FOG) - both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis - sprint
Fast Glycolytic (FG) - no oxygen, anaerobic movements of short duration during strength
41
Q

What are the origin and insertions of Quadriceps muscles

A

All Insert at the Tibial Tuberosity
Rectus Femoris - AIIS
Vastus Lateralis - Gluteal Tuberosity, Lateral lip of linea Aspera, Greater Trochanter
Vastus Medialis - Medial lip of Linea Aspera
Vastus Intermedius - Anterior/Lateral shaft of the Febur

42
Q

What are the different functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis - immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis - freely moveable (All diarthrosis are synovial)

43
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protect, Secrete, Absorb, Excrete

44
Q

What is the difference between smaller motor units and larger motor units?

A

Smaller motor units — increased precision

Larger motor units — increased power

45
Q

How does a nerve action potential become a muscle action potential?

A
  1. Release of ACh - Voltage gated channels, Ca2+ flows triggers release of ACH into synaptic cleft where it diffuses between motor neuron and motor end plate
  2. Activation of Ach Receptors - on the motor end plate open ion channels and Na+ flows across membrane
  3. Production of Muscle Action potential - Release of Na+ results in positive charge and triggers release of Ca++ fro the Sarcoplastmic reticulum
  4. Close of Ach channels
46
Q

What are the different types of muscles in relation to their actions

A

Angonists: Prime mover
- Synergists: contract and stabilize the intermediary joints to assist agonist
- Fixators: stabilize the origin so the agonist can be more efficient
Antagonists: Stretches and yields to the effect of the prime mover “

47
Q

How do muscle fibers grow or shrink?

A

The number of skeletal muscles fibers does not increase - but characteristics can change with exercise, specifically, FG fibers can grow through strength training and anaerobic exercise (Hypertrophy)

48
Q

What are the different structural types of joints and primary characteristic?

A

Fibrous Joints - Articulates with dense irregular tissue rich in collagen fibers
Cartilagenous Joint - arciulates via cartilage
Synovial Joints - Synovial cavity, articulates via dense irregular connective tissue

49
Q

What are the AOIN for the Hamstrings

A

A:
All: Flex the knee,
Extend the hip (Except short head of BF)
Tilt the hip posteriorly

Biceps Femoris:
Laterally rotate the flexed knee
Assist to laterally rotate hip

Semis:
Medially rotate the flexed knee
Assist to medially rotate the hip

O: Ischial Tuberosity (except short head of BF: Lateral Lip of Linea Apsera)

I: Biceps Femoris - Head of the Fibula
Semitendinosus - Proximal medial shaft of tibia at Pes Anserinus Tendon
Semimembranosus - Posterior aspect of medial condyle of tibia

N: Sciatic - Tibial Branch (except short head of BF: Peroneal branch)

50
Q

What is the oburator foramen, what attaches there, what makes it important?

A

Obturator Foramen
The hole in the leg that allows blood and nerves (obturator) to pass through the hip (mostly covered by the obturator membrane, thin sheet of connective tissue)
Two muscles - The Obturator Internus and Obturator Externus Originate at the obturator membrane, they are Lateral Rotators
Obturator Nerve:
- The Obtoratur Externus is innervated by the Obtorator Nerve, as are all of the muscles of the Adductor group

51
Q

In the epithelium, what is the difference between endocrine and excocrine glands?

A

Endocrine — secrete hormones into the bloodstream and are far reaching impact
Exocrine — secrete into ducts and have more local / limited impact

52
Q

What are the functions and components of a neuron?

A

Neurons convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials
Axon - Relays output, to another neuron or tissue
Dendrite - Receives input, tapering and highly branched
Cell Body - contains nucleus and organelles

53
Q

What are the AOIN for the Quadriceps Muscles

A 
Rectus Femoris - Flexes the Hip
All - Extend the Knee 
O: RF - AIIS, VL - Gluteal Tuberosity, Greater Trochanter, Lateral lip linea aspera, VM - Medial lip of linea aspera, VI - Anterior/Lateral Shaft of Femur
I: Tibial Tuberosity
N: Femoral Nerve
54
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins in skeletal muscles?

A

Contractile, Regulatory, Structural

55
Q

What are the different types of bodily fluid?

A

Intracellular Fluid - within the cells, cytosol etc.
Extracellular Fluid - outside the cells - specialized depending on location (Plasma, Lymph, Synovial)
Interstitial Fluid - special type of ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells and tissue

56
Q

What are the muscles of the Transversospinalis Group from Superficial to Deep

A

From Superficial to Deep

  • Semispinalis Capitis
  • Multifidi
  • Rotatores
57
Q

What is metabolism? What are the two main types?

A

The sum of all the chemical processes in the body
Anabolism - builds up
Catabolism - breaks down

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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