Final Exam Flashcards
What are the 4 main tissue types?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular
What are the 3 types of proteins in skeletal muscles?
- Regulatory
- Contractile
- Structural
What are the two types of contractile proteins in muscles?
Actin - THIN filaments
Myocin - THICK filaments w/ head and tail
What are the Regulatory proteins in skeletal muscles?
Tropomyocin - Covers the myocin binding sites
Troponin - Holds the tropmyocin in place, this is where Ca+ bonds to change the shape and start the contraction cycle
What are the layers and roles of connective tissues in muscles?
From SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP:
Epimysium - forms the OUTER layer (not present in cardiac)
Perimysisum - Groups the 10-100 muscle fibers into fascicles
Endomysium - Separates the individual msucles fibers
What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?
Fibrous Joints - collagen fibers
Cartilagenous Joints
Synovial joints
What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL types of joint classifications?
Synarthrosis - Immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis - Slightly moveable
Diarthrosis - freely movable (Synovial)
3 Types of Fibrous Joints:
Interosseous Membrane - Long bones
Sutures - Synarthroses
Syndesmoses - Gomphosis/Teeth
ISS
3 types of cartilagenous joints
Synchrondoses - b/t first rib/manubrium, amphi to syn
Symphyses - Pubic bone, cartilage
Ephiphyseal Cartilages - Growth plate
ESS
What are the three types of ATP production within muscle cells, which is unique to muscle fibers?
- Creatine Phosphate **Unique**
- Anaerobic Glycolysis
- Aerobic Respiration
Which type of ATP production do we do FIRST?
Which is the most efficient?
First: Creatinine Phopshate
Most Efficicient: Aerobic Respiration
What are the sequence of events in the contraction of a muscle?
- Sacroplasmic Reticulum releases Ca++ into sarcoplasm (Ca shows up to the party
- Ca++ bonds to the Troponin (bribes the security guard)
- Troponin moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin (security card walks away from the door)
- Contraction cycle can begin (Woo party!)
* ATP Hydrolysis (But first we need energy!)
* Attachment of Myosin to Actin (Get together)
* Power Stroke (Dance!)
* Detachment of myocin from actin
- Contraction cycle can begin (Woo party!)
What determines the strength of a muscle contraction?
The size of the MOTOR UNITS (smaller - precision, larger - power)
And the number of units activated at any given time. (force)
What are the different types of muscle contraction (think exercise)
IsoTONIC - Tone is the same, tension constant, but muscle changes length
- Concentric - Shorting
- Eccentric - Lengthening
IsoMETRIC - tension without changing muscle length (posture)
What are the two types of glands in the epithelium and what is the difference?
Endocrine : secrete hormones into the blood stream and have far reaching impact
Exocrine : secrete hormones into a duct, have a more local and limited impact
What is the healing sequence in deep wounds?
- Inflammation - Prep for repair
- Migration - Network
- Proliferation - Fill in the gaps
- Maturation - reorganizing
I Might Puke Monday
In epidermal wound healing, what is the main type of cell involved?
Basal Cells
What is the order of the skin layers, which layer only exists in thick skin / hairless skin?
BattleStar Gallactica Love Child
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum (clear, only in thick)
Stratum Corneum
What are the two types of epithelial tissue arrangements?
Shape:
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Squamous - flat
Arrangement:
- Simple
- Pseudostratified
- Stratified
How does a NERVE action potential become a MUSCLE action potential?
- 1. Release of ACh caused by voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ach flows from the Button into the synaptic cleft where it diffuses between the motor neuron and the motor end plate
- 2. Activation of ACh receptors on the motor end plate (junctional folds), which open ion channels and Na+ flows across the membrane
- 3. Production of Muscle Action Potential - Release of Na+ results in positive charge and triggers the release ov Ca++ into the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- 4. Close the ACh channels
Which types of muscles are voluntary vs. involuntary
Skeletal muscles are voluntary (Somatic Nervous System)
Cardiac and Smooth muscle are involuntary (Autonomic Nervous System)
What are the components and functions of a Neuron?
Neurons convert stimuli into electric signals called nerve action potentials
Axon - Relays output to another neuron/tissue
Dendrite - Receives input, branches
Cell Body - Nucleus and organelles
What is metabolism? What are the two main types?
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
Catabolic Reactions - Breaks things down (lysis, etc)
Anabolic Reactions - Builds things up
What are the different types of bodily fluid?
- Intracellular Fluid - within the cells, cytosol etc.
- Extracellular Fluid - outside the cells - specialized depending on location (Plasma, Lymph, Synovial)
- Interstitial Fluid - special type of ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells and tissue
What is acetylcholine and what is its function in the body?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is released at the Neuromuscular junction and forms the bridge between a nerve action potential and triggers a muscle action potential
What is the Neuromuscular Junction
The synapse between a Motor Neuron and skeletal muscle fiber — consists of:
- Nerve Side:
- Axon Terminal - Synaptic Bouton, Synaptic Vesicle
- Synaptic Cleft - Between the Two
- Axon Terminal - Synaptic Bouton, Synaptic Vesicle
- Muscle Side:
- Motor End Plate with Junctional Folds and ACh receptors
What is the effect of Calcium concentration in the Sarcoplasm – what happens when there is an increase or decrease ?
When calcium ions are released into the Sarcoplasm, it results in muscle contraction
Which neurons are we able to consciously control, which are we not able to control?
Somatic Nervous System / Somatic Motor Neurons - Stimulate the skeletal muscle fibers, voluntarily control
The Autonomuc Nervous System / Neurons - Involuntary, and include the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systmes
What are the parts of a long bone?
- Epiphyses - Proximal and Distal ENDS of the bone
- Metaphyses - regions between Dia and Epi - contain the epiphyseal growth plate during growth
- Diaphysis - Shaft/Body of the bone
- Articular Cartilage – thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of epiphyses that articulates with another bone
-
Periosteum – tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply
- Attached to bone via perforating fibers / “Sharpey’s fibers” (like anchors)
- Outer Fibrous Layer – dense irregular connective tissue
- Inner Osteogenic layer – consisting of cells (allow bone to grow in thickness, not length)
- Medullary Cavity (“marrow cavity” only in long bones)
- Endosteum – thin membrane lining interior of medullary cavity
What are the 4 different types of bone cells and their specific function?
- Osteoprogenitor - Precursor/unspecialized
- Osteoblasts - Build bone
- Osteocytes - Day to day, mature, maintain
- Osteoclasts - Break down, resorption
What are the differences between trabecular/spongy/cancellous bone vs. compact bone?
Compact Bone - (Yang, Exterior)
- Contains Osteons / Haversian systems
- Strongest form - provides protestion and support, resists stress
- Found under periosteium of ALL bones
- 80% of skeleton
Spongy Bone - (Yin, Interior)
- NO OSTEONS - lammellae arranged in irregular thin columns called trabeculae
- Always found in INTERIOR and protected by compact bone
- Contains bone marrow
- 20% of skeleton
Which part of the bone is rich in sensory nerves and arteries, making it very sensitive to pain and bleeding?
Periosteum
How do bones grow in thickness vs. in length?
Thickness - Via APPOSITIONAL growth. Appositional growth is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones
Length - Via the addition of bone material on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate by INTERSTITIAL GROWTH
What is the sequence for bone fracture healing, and approximately how long and when does each occur? x2
- 1) Reactive Phase - 6-8 hours after inury, fracture hematoma, swelling & inflammation (HOURS)
- 2) Reparative Phase
- a. Fibrocartilaginous Callous Formation - takes about 3 weeks (WEEKS)
- b. Bony Callus formation, - 3-4 months (MONTHS)
- 3) Bone Remodeling Phase (WHO KNOW?!)
What is the difference between the following bone disorders? osteopenia, osteoporeosis, rickets, osteomalacia?
Osteopenia / Osteoporeosis -
both have low bone mass due to bone resorption/breakdown occuring at a greater rate than bone deposition/formation. Osteopenia is the precursor to Osteoporosis.
Rickets / Osteomalacia:
Decreased calcification due to vitamin D deficiency. Bones are rubbery/soft and easily deformed. Rickets occurs in children, Osteomalacia during adulthood/remodeling
What are the impacts of aging on bone tissue?
Loss of bone mass - Demineralization - loss of calcium / other minerals
Brittleness - decreased rate of protein synthesis, collagen
Two main hormones that control blood calcium levels and bone deposition of calcium – which one does which.
Parathryoid Hormone (PTH) - increases blood Ca2 levels (osteoclasts, bone resorption, absorb more from food, etc)
Calcitonin (CT) decreases blood Ca2 levels (inhibits osteoclasts, increase bone uptake)
What are the 5 common fractures that we studied and their differences?
- Closed / Simple - Doesn’t break skin
- Open / Compound - Breaks the skin
- Communiated - Splintered
- Stress - Surface of bone, not through, due to pulling of muscle
- Flail Chest - contiguous rib fractures, can result in lung damage and respiratory distress
What is the muscle that unlocks the knee?
Popliteus
- A: Medially rotate the flexed knee (tibiofemoral joint), Knee flexion
- O: Lateral femoral epicondyle
- I: Proximal, posterior aspect of the tibia
- N: Tibial Nerve
Muscle that does inversion of the foot, dorsiflexion of ankle
(know based on the O/I for this muscle)
Tibialis Anterior - Tibia Origin
- A: Invert the foot, Dorsiflex the ankle
- O: Lateral surface of TIBIA and interosseous membrane
- I: Medial Cuneiform, base of first metatarsal
- N: Deep Peroneal Nerve
OR
Extensor Hallucis Longus - Fibula Origin
- A: Extend the first toe, Invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle
- O: FIBULA and interosseous membrane
- I: Distal phalange of First Toe
- N: Deep Peroneal Nerve
What is the muscle that flexes and extends in he hands and feet to make an L shape
Lumbricals!
What are the four main muscles of mastication and their Origins/Insertions?
ALL MUSCLE OF MASTICATION INSERT SOMEWHERE ON THE MANDIBLE AND ARE INNERVATED BY THE MANDIBULAR NERVE
Masseter:
- A: Elevate the mandible
- O: ZYGOMATIC ARCH
- I: Angle and Ramus of MANDIBLE
Temporalis:
- A: Elevate the mandible, Retract the mandible
- O: Temporal fossa and fascia
- I: Coronoid process of MANDIBLE
Medial Pterygoid
- A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Elevate the mandible, protract the mandible
- O: SPHENOID bone and Tuberosity of the MAXILLA
- I: Medial surface of Ramus of MANDIBLE
Lateral Pterygoid
- A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Protract the mandible
- O: Superior head - Infratemporation surface/crest of greater wing of SPHENOID, Inferior Head - lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of SPHENOID
- I: Articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of MANDIBLE
Which muscle is Lats little helper, aka a complete synergist sharing all of the same actions.
Teres Major
- A_: Extend the Shoulder, Adduct the shoulder, Medially Rotate the Shoulder_
- I: Lateral side/lower half of lateral border of SCAPULA
- O: Crest of LESSER tubercle of Humerus
- N: Thoracodorsal Nerve
Pec Major and Pec Minor – Origins and Insertions
(WHICH SPECIFIC PART OF A SPECIFIC BONE)
Pectoralis Major
- A: All - Shoulder ADDuction, Medial Rotation. Upper - Shoulder FLEXION, Horizontal Adduction. Lower - Shoulder Extension from flexed position
- O: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of Ribs 1-6
- I: Crest of Greater tubercle of Humerus
- N: Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerve
Pectoralis Minor
- A: Scapular Depression, ABDuction, Anterior Tilt, Asist in forced inhalation
- O: Ribs 3-5
- I: CORACOID process of Scapula
- N: Medial Pectoral Nerve
Innervations of: Triceps, Brachioradialis, Brachialis, Biceps
Radial Nerve
- Triceps
- Brachioradialis
Musculocutaneous Nerve
- Coracobrachialis
- Biceps Brachi
- Brachialis
Name of the muscle that does wrist flexion with wrist adduction
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- A: Flex the wrist, Adduct the wrist, Assist to flex the elbow
- O: Humeral Head: Common Flexor Tendon, Ulnar head: Posterior surface of ulna
- I: Pisiform (hook of hamate)
- N: Ulnar
What is the difference between a Condyle and and Epicondyle
(bonus to help me remember)
condyle forms an articulation with another bone. whereas
epicondyle provides sites for the attachment of muscles.
