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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins in skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Regulatory
  2. Contractile
  3. Structural
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3
Q

What are the two types of contractile proteins in muscles?

A

Actin - THIN filaments

Myocin - THICK filaments w/ head and tail

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4
Q

What are the Regulatory proteins in skeletal muscles?

A

Tropomyocin - Covers the myocin binding sites

Troponin - Holds the tropmyocin in place, this is where Ca+ bonds to change the shape and start the contraction cycle

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5
Q

What are the layers and roles of connective tissues in muscles?

A

From SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP:

Epimysium - forms the OUTER layer (not present in cardiac)

Perimysisum - Groups the 10-100 muscle fibers into fascicles

Endomysium - Separates the individual msucles fibers

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6
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?

A

Fibrous Joints - collagen fibers

Cartilagenous Joints

Synovial joints

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7
Q

What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL types of joint classifications?

A

Synarthrosis - Immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis - Slightly moveable

Diarthrosis - freely movable (Synovial)

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8
Q

3 Types of Fibrous Joints:

A

Interosseous Membrane - Long bones

Sutures - Synarthroses

Syndesmoses - Gomphosis/Teeth

ISS

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9
Q

3 types of cartilagenous joints

A

Synchrondoses - b/t first rib/manubrium, amphi to syn

Symphyses - Pubic bone, cartilage

Ephiphyseal Cartilages - Growth plate

ESS

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10
Q

What are the three types of ATP production within muscle cells, which is unique to muscle fibers?

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate **Unique**
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic Respiration
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11
Q

Which type of ATP production do we do FIRST?

Which is the most efficient?

A

First: Creatinine Phopshate

Most Efficicient: Aerobic Respiration

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12
Q

What are the sequence of events in the contraction of a muscle?

A
    1. Sacroplasmic Reticulum releases Ca++ into sarcoplasm (Ca shows up to the party
    1. Ca++ bonds to the Troponin (bribes the security guard)
    1. Troponin moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin (security card walks away from the door)
    1. Contraction cycle can begin (Woo party!)
      * ATP Hydrolysis (But first we need energy!)
      * Attachment of Myosin to Actin (Get together)
      * Power Stroke (Dance!)
      * Detachment of myocin from actin
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13
Q

What determines the strength of a muscle contraction?

A

The size of the MOTOR UNITS (smaller - precision, larger - power)

And the number of units activated at any given time. (force)

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14
Q

What are the different types of muscle contraction (think exercise)

A

IsoTONIC - Tone is the same, tension constant, but muscle changes length

  • Concentric - Shorting
  • Eccentric - Lengthening

IsoMETRIC - tension without changing muscle length (posture)

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15
Q

What are the two types of glands in the epithelium and what is the difference?

A

Endocrine : secrete hormones into the blood stream and have far reaching impact

Exocrine : secrete hormones into a duct, have a more local and limited impact

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16
Q

What is the healing sequence in deep wounds?

A
  • Inflammation - Prep for repair
  • Migration - Network
  • Proliferation - Fill in the gaps
  • Maturation - reorganizing

I Might Puke Monday

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17
Q

In epidermal wound healing, what is the main type of cell involved?

A

Basal Cells

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18
Q

What is the order of the skin layers, which layer only exists in thick skin / hairless skin?

A

BattleStar Gallactica Love Child

Stratum Basale

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum (clear, only in thick)

Stratum Corneum

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19
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue arrangements?

A

Shape:

  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Squamous - flat

Arrangement:

  • Simple
  • Pseudostratified
  • Stratified
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20
Q

How does a NERVE action potential become a MUSCLE action potential?

A
  • 1. Release of ACh caused by voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ach flows from the Button into the synaptic cleft where it diffuses between the motor neuron and the motor end plate
  • 2. Activation of ACh receptors on the motor end plate (junctional folds), which open ion channels and Na+ flows across the membrane
  • 3. Production of Muscle Action Potential - Release of Na+ results in positive charge and triggers the release ov Ca++ into the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • 4. Close the ACh channels
21
Q

Which types of muscles are voluntary vs. involuntary

A

Skeletal muscles are voluntary (Somatic Nervous System)

Cardiac and Smooth muscle are involuntary (Autonomic Nervous System)

22
Q

What are the components and functions of a Neuron?

A

Neurons convert stimuli into electric signals called nerve action potentials

Axon - Relays output to another neuron/tissue

Dendrite - Receives input, branches

Cell Body - Nucleus and organelles

23
Q

What is metabolism? What are the two main types?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

Catabolic Reactions - Breaks things down (lysis, etc)

Anabolic Reactions - Builds things up

24
Q

What are the different types of bodily fluid?

A
  • Intracellular Fluid - within the cells, cytosol etc.
  • Extracellular Fluid - outside the cells - specialized depending on location (Plasma, Lymph, Synovial)
  • Interstitial Fluid - special type of ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells and tissue
25
Q

What is acetylcholine and what is its function in the body?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is released at the Neuromuscular junction and forms the bridge between a nerve action potential and triggers a muscle action potential

26
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction

A

The synapse between a Motor Neuron and skeletal muscle fiber — consists of:

  • Nerve Side:
    • Axon Terminal - Synaptic Bouton, Synaptic Vesicle
      • Synaptic Cleft - Between the Two
  • Muscle Side:
    • Motor End Plate with Junctional Folds and ACh receptors
27
Q

What is the effect of Calcium concentration in the Sarcoplasm – what happens when there is an increase or decrease ?

A

When calcium ions are released into the Sarcoplasm, it results in muscle contraction

28
Q

Which neurons are we able to consciously control, which are we not able to control?

A

Somatic Nervous System / Somatic Motor Neurons - Stimulate the skeletal muscle fibers, voluntarily control

The Autonomuc Nervous System / Neurons - Involuntary, and include the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systmes

29
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A
  • Epiphyses - Proximal and Distal ENDS of the bone
  • Metaphyses - regions between Dia and Epi - contain the epiphyseal growth plate during growth
  • Diaphysis - Shaft/Body of the bone
  • Articular Cartilage – thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of epiphyses that articulates with another bone
  • Periosteum – tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply
    • Attached to bone via perforating fibers / “Sharpey’s fibers” (like anchors)
    • Outer Fibrous Layer – dense irregular connective tissue
    • Inner Osteogenic layer – consisting of cells (allow bone to grow in thickness, not length)
  • Medullary Cavity (“marrow cavity” only in long bones)
  • Endosteum – thin membrane lining interior of medullary cavity
30
Q

What are the 4 different types of bone cells and their specific function?

A
  • Osteoprogenitor - Precursor/unspecialized
  • Osteoblasts - Build bone
  • Osteocytes - Day to day, mature, maintain
  • Osteoclasts - Break down, resorption
31
Q

What are the differences between trabecular/spongy/cancellous bone vs. compact bone?

A

Compact Bone - (Yang, Exterior)

  • Contains Osteons / Haversian systems
  • Strongest form - provides protestion and support, resists stress
  • Found under periosteium of ALL bones
  • 80% of skeleton

Spongy Bone - (Yin, Interior)

  • NO OSTEONS - lammellae arranged in irregular thin columns called trabeculae
  • Always found in INTERIOR and protected by compact bone
  • Contains bone marrow
  • 20% of skeleton
32
Q

Which part of the bone is rich in sensory nerves and arteries, making it very sensitive to pain and bleeding?

A

Periosteum

33
Q

How do bones grow in thickness vs. in length?

A

Thickness - Via APPOSITIONAL growth. Appositional growth is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones

Length - Via the addition of bone material on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate by INTERSTITIAL GROWTH

34
Q

What is the sequence for bone fracture healing, and approximately how long and when does each occur? x2

A
  • 1) Reactive Phase - 6-8 hours after inury, fracture hematoma, swelling & inflammation (HOURS)
  • 2) Reparative Phase
    • a. Fibrocartilaginous Callous Formation - takes about 3 weeks (WEEKS)
    • b. Bony Callus formation, - 3-4 months (MONTHS)
  • 3) Bone Remodeling Phase (WHO KNOW?!)
35
Q

What is the difference between the following bone disorders? osteopenia, osteoporeosis, rickets, osteomalacia?

A

Osteopenia / Osteoporeosis -

both have low bone mass due to bone resorption/breakdown occuring at a greater rate than bone deposition/formation. Osteopenia is the precursor to Osteoporosis.

Rickets / Osteomalacia:

Decreased calcification due to vitamin D deficiency. Bones are rubbery/soft and easily deformed. Rickets occurs in children, Osteomalacia during adulthood/remodeling

36
Q

What are the impacts of aging on bone tissue?

A

Loss of bone mass - Demineralization - loss of calcium / other minerals
Brittleness - decreased rate of protein synthesis, collagen

37
Q

Two main hormones that control blood calcium levels and bone deposition of calcium – which one does which.

A

Parathryoid Hormone (PTH) - increases blood Ca2 levels (osteoclasts, bone resorption, absorb more from food, etc)

Calcitonin (CT) decreases blood Ca2 levels (inhibits osteoclasts, increase bone uptake)

38
Q

What are the 5 common fractures that we studied and their differences?

A
  1. Closed / Simple - Doesn’t break skin
  2. Open / Compound - Breaks the skin
  3. Communiated - Splintered
  4. Stress - Surface of bone, not through, due to pulling of muscle
  5. Flail Chest - contiguous rib fractures, can result in lung damage and respiratory distress
39
Q

What is the muscle that unlocks the knee?

A

Popliteus

  • A: Medially rotate the flexed knee (tibiofemoral joint), Knee flexion
  • O: Lateral femoral epicondyle
  • I: Proximal, posterior aspect of the tibia
  • N: Tibial Nerve
40
Q

Muscle that does inversion of the foot, dorsiflexion of ankle

(know based on the O/I for this muscle)

A

Tibialis Anterior - Tibia Origin

  • A: Invert the foot, Dorsiflex the ankle
  • O: Lateral surface of TIBIA and interosseous membrane
  • I: Medial Cuneiform, base of first metatarsal
  • N: Deep Peroneal Nerve

OR

Extensor Hallucis Longus - Fibula Origin

  • A: Extend the first toe, Invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle
  • O: FIBULA and interosseous membrane
  • I: Distal phalange of First Toe
  • N: Deep Peroneal Nerve
41
Q

What is the muscle that flexes and extends in he hands and feet to make an L shape

A

Lumbricals!

42
Q

What are the four main muscles of mastication and their Origins/Insertions?

A

ALL MUSCLE OF MASTICATION INSERT SOMEWHERE ON THE MANDIBLE AND ARE INNERVATED BY THE MANDIBULAR NERVE

Masseter:

  • A: Elevate the mandible
  • O: ZYGOMATIC ARCH
  • I: Angle and Ramus of MANDIBLE

Temporalis:

  • A: Elevate the mandible, Retract the mandible
  • O: Temporal fossa and fascia
  • I: Coronoid process of MANDIBLE

Medial Pterygoid

  • A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Elevate the mandible, protract the mandible
  • O: SPHENOID bone and Tuberosity of the MAXILLA
  • I: Medial surface of Ramus of MANDIBLE

Lateral Pterygoid

  • A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Protract the mandible
  • O: Superior head - Infratemporation surface/crest of greater wing of SPHENOID, Inferior Head - lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of SPHENOID
  • I: Articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of MANDIBLE
43
Q

Which muscle is Lats little helper, aka a complete synergist sharing all of the same actions.

A

Teres Major

  • A_: Extend the Shoulder, Adduct the shoulder, Medially Rotate the Shoulder_
  • I: Lateral side/lower half of lateral border of SCAPULA
  • O: Crest of LESSER tubercle of Humerus
  • N: Thoracodorsal Nerve
44
Q

Pec Major and Pec Minor – Origins and Insertions

(WHICH SPECIFIC PART OF A SPECIFIC BONE)

A

Pectoralis Major

  • A: All - Shoulder ADDuction, Medial Rotation. Upper - Shoulder FLEXION, Horizontal Adduction. Lower - Shoulder Extension from flexed position
  • O: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of Ribs 1-6
  • I: Crest of Greater tubercle of Humerus
  • N: Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Pectoralis Minor

  • A: Scapular Depression, ABDuction, Anterior Tilt, Asist in forced inhalation
  • O: Ribs 3-5
  • I: CORACOID process of Scapula
  • N: Medial Pectoral Nerve
45
Q

Innervations of: Triceps, Brachioradialis, Brachialis, Biceps

A

Radial Nerve

  • Triceps
  • Brachioradialis

Musculocutaneous Nerve

  • Coracobrachialis
  • Biceps Brachi
  • Brachialis
46
Q

Name of the muscle that does wrist flexion with wrist adduction

A

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

  • A: Flex the wrist, Adduct the wrist, Assist to flex the elbow
  • O: Humeral Head: Common Flexor Tendon, Ulnar head: Posterior surface of ulna
  • I: Pisiform (hook of hamate)
  • N: Ulnar
47
Q

What is the difference between a Condyle and and Epicondyle

(bonus to help me remember)

A

condyle forms an articulation with another bone. whereas

epicondyle provides sites for the attachment of muscles.

48
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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