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Anatomy and Physiology II > MIDTERM II > Flashcards

MIDTERM II Flashcards

1
Q

after centrifuge what percentage contains components immune function?

A

buffy coat

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2
Q

what percentage of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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3
Q

functions of blood

A

transport, regulation, protection

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4
Q

erithrocytes are filled with?

A

hemoglobin (97%) for gas transport

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5
Q

There are no mitochondria in

A

RBCs

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6
Q

which is present in a mature red blood cell

A

Plasma Membrane

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7
Q

The pigment in a Hemoglobin that gives it its’ red color is called what?

A

Heme- it has an iron atom

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8
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can transport how many oxygen molecules

A

4

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9
Q

oxygen binds to which portion of the hemoglobin

A

iron atom

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10
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

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11
Q

hematopoietic stem cells do what?

A

give rise to all formed elements of hematopoiesis

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12
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells

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13
Q

a hematopoeitic stem cell will give rise to

A

all of the above

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14
Q

what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for 2 weeks

A

kidneys would secrete extra erythropoeitin

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15
Q

target organ of erythroproeitin?

A

red bone marrow

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16
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Blood loss, low RBC, high RBC

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17
Q

an elevated neutrophil count would mean

A

an acute bacterial infection

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18
Q

antihistamines counter the actions of which WBCs

A

Basophils

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19
Q

the immediate response to blood vessel damage

A

vascular spasm

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20
Q

why dont plateletes form plugs in undamaged vessels

A

only platelets contacted with exposed collagen fibers and von willebrand factor causes them to be sticky and form plugs

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21
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

When changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

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22
Q

Neural stimuli

A

When a nerve fiber stimulates hormone release(sympathetic nervous system)

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23
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

When hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones(i.e. hypothalamus)

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24
Q

when the ovaries secrete estrogen this is an example of

A

hormonal stimulation

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25
Q

when pancreas releases insulin it is an example of

A

humoral stimulation

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26
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone cannot exert effects without another hormone being present

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27
Q

synergism

A

more than one hormone produces the same effect- amplification

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28
Q

antagonism

A

one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone

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29
Q

two major lobes of the pituitary gland

A

posterior(neural) and anterior (glandular)

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30
Q

what does the infindibulim do?

A

it is the point of attachment between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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31
Q

what kind of organ is the hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine

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32
Q

what two hormones are secreted and stored by the posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin and ADH

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33
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?

A

in the hypothalamus

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34
Q

does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland have a direct neural connection to the hypothalamus?

A

NO-it is a vascular connection

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35
Q

the anterior lobe of the PG carries….

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormone secretion

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36
Q

What is Oxytocin

A

Strong stimulant of uterine contractions, pregnant chicks

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37
Q

The Growth Hormone(GH)

A

a tissue building hormone that increases blood levels of fatty acids and stimulates protein synthesis…conserves glucose, breaks down glycogen

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38
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that act on other endocrine glands and cause them to release their hormones

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39
Q

The tropic hormones are?

A

FSH,LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT)

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40
Q

The direct hormones are?

A

Prolactin, Endorphines, Growth H, (PEG)

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41
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in children

A

results in gigantism

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42
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in adults

A

will not change growth(acromegaly) may change facial structure

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43
Q

hyposecretion in children

A

will result in pituitary dwarfism

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44
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone does what?

A

stimulates normal developement and activity of the thyroid, inhibited by rising blood levels

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45
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone does what?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids(help body resist stress)

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46
Q

two gonadotropins are?

A

FSH-stimulates egg or sperm

LH- promotes production of testosterone and estrogen

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47
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates milk production

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48
Q

cortical nephrons

A

shorter loops

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49
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

are next to the medullar junction

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50
Q

nephron capillary bed flow

A

afferent arteriole- glomerulus-efferent arteriole

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51
Q

why is blood pressure in glomerulus high

A

because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent

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52
Q

which blood vessel is associated with the nephron

A

efferent arteriole

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53
Q

which type of nephron plays an important role in producing concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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54
Q

which would not be found in a normal filtrate

A

albumin

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55
Q

most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed where?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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56
Q

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct do what

A

vary reabsorption with the body’s needs, this is fine tuned by hormones

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57
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is

A

the main site of secretion and reabsorption

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58
Q

When is it called urine and not filtrate

A

once it leaves the connecting duct

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59
Q

the urine forming units of the kidney are

A

nephrons

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60
Q

podocytes are part of

A

filtration slits

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61
Q

which of the following factors contributes to the higher filtration rate in the glomuler capillaries compared to other capillary beds

A

all of the above

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62
Q

drinking too much alcohol results in a headache because?

A

alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

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63
Q

the two counter current mechanisms in the kidney

A

vasacrecta and nephron loop

64
Q

the juxtamedullary nephron

A

creates 300-1200 osmolotiti

65
Q

the vasarecta

A

is reponsible for maintaining the 300-1200 gradient

66
Q

the collecting duct

A

fine tunes what is happening at the end of the nephron loop

67
Q

the three key players in the osmotic gradient

A

vasarecta, nephron loop, collecting duct

68
Q

the descending limb

A

is freely permeable to water

69
Q

the ascending loop

A

is not permeable to water

70
Q

water moves towards the gradient

A

of higher solute concentration.

71
Q

Platelets____.

A

stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

72
Q

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte productions?

A

Kidney

73
Q

which of the following components is a complete cell?

A

leukocytes

74
Q

the collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH

A

False

75
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

A

false

76
Q

obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient

A

true

77
Q

oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions

A

true-also with milk release

78
Q

the endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid?

A

False-it is the thyroid

79
Q

which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A

enzyme

80
Q

which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions?

A

Mitotically active

81
Q

the descending limb of the nephron loop___.

A

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

82
Q

the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called

A

tropic hormones

83
Q

an excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone in a process called____.

A

positive feedback

84
Q

the renal tubule is made up of ____.

A

all of the above

85
Q

the _____ artery connects to the afferent arteriole leadgin into the glomerulus

A

cortical radiate

86
Q

these cells contain histamine and are the least numerous of teh circulating white blod cells

A

basophils

87
Q

most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

A

proximal convoluted loop

88
Q

what percentage of our blood is plasma

A

55%

89
Q

after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function

A

buffy coat

90
Q

which part of the nephron employs the countercurrent mechanism?

A

nephron loop

91
Q

the blood filtering structure of the kidney is called the

A

glomerulus

92
Q

the target organ of erythropoietin is the

A

red bone marrow

93
Q

the fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to the plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of

A

plasma proteins

94
Q

excretion of dilute urine requires

A

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

95
Q

receptors for steroid hormones commonly located

A

inside the target cell

96
Q

what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for two weeks

A

the kidneys would secrete elevated amounts of erythropoeitin

97
Q

the immediate response to blood vessel damage is a

A

vascular spasm

98
Q

the collecting ducts are ___ to water when the hormone___ is present

A

permeable: ADH

99
Q

when the parathyroid gland releases PTH in direct response to blood calcium levels, this is an example of ___ stimulation

A

humoral

100
Q

a major determinant of a hormone’s mechanism of action is

A

whether is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic

101
Q

which type of nephron plays an important role in concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

102
Q

blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by positive feedback mechanisms

A

false

103
Q

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the

A

ureter

104
Q

after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function

A

plasma

105
Q

a hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to

A

all of the above

106
Q

which of the following is an effect of PTH

A

all of the above

107
Q

the portion of the nephron that maintains the hypertonicity of the medulla is

A

nephron loop

108
Q

when urine enters the collecting duct, it is ___ to the blood

A

hypotonic

109
Q

the secretion of ___ helps regulate our circadian rythms

A

melatonin

110
Q

which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

111
Q

much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called

A

negative feedback

112
Q

hormones are secreted in response to all of the following stimuli except

A

up-regulation

113
Q

when the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of _____ stimulation

A

humoral stimulation

114
Q

the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) is the

A

anterior pituitary gland

115
Q

oxytocin is produced here

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

a patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. the most likely cause is ____.

A

hyposecretion of ADH

117
Q

which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH

A

increasing calcium absorption in the intestines

118
Q

during times of stress, elevated levels of ____ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time

A

cortisol

119
Q

the islets of langerhans are found in which endocrine organ?

A

pancreas

120
Q

which hormone is released by the hypothalamus

A

GH

121
Q

target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of ___ on the cell membrane surface

A

specific receptors

122
Q

blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ___ mechanisms

A

negative feedback

123
Q

the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called

A

tropic hormones

124
Q

the epiphyseal plate is a target organ of this hormone

A

GH

125
Q

the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis

A

PTH

126
Q

what inhibits PTH release

A

rising Ca2+ levels in the blood

127
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

atop the kidneys

128
Q

what are the two structures of the adrenal gland

A

the adrenal medulla and cortex

129
Q

what does the adrenal cortex do?

A

it produces different corticosteroids

130
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do?

A

synthesizes epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine(20%)

131
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin (sleep/wake, puberty, sleep, appetite, etc..)

132
Q

what are acinar cells for?

A

produce enzyme rich juice for digestion

133
Q

pancreatic islets

A

contain endocrine cells

134
Q

major target and cause of glucagon

A

liver-increased blood glucose level

135
Q

the effect of glucagon on the body

A

release of glucose to the body

136
Q

the effects of insulin

A

helps control blood glucose, neural development and learning

137
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

138
Q

what is secreted by the placenta

A

estrogens, progesterones and HCG

139
Q

testes produce

A

testosterone

140
Q

what do kidneys do?

A

excrete metabolic waste, maintain water balance, maintain acid-base balance

141
Q

3 regions of the internal kidney

A

renal cortex, medulla, pelvis

142
Q

which of the following empties urine directly into the renal pelvis?

A

renal papilla

143
Q

urine collection occurs in the __ of the kidney

A

pelvis

144
Q

blood is delivered to the kidneys via___

A

renal arteries

145
Q

the renal corpuscle consists of a

A

glomerular capsule

146
Q

the glomerulus specialize in

A

filtration

147
Q

how are glomerulus different from other capillary beds

A

they are fed and drained by arterioles

148
Q

the vasa recta are associated with which structure in the kidneys

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

149
Q

where is ADH secreted from and what does is target?

A

the posterior pituitary gland, the kidneys

150
Q

what does FSH do?

A

stimulates sperm production and estrogen in the ovaries-comes from the anterior pituitary gland

151
Q

prolactin

A

promotes lactation in breasts, from anterior pituitary gland

152
Q

oxytocin

A

secretes contractions in childbirth, milk ejection

153
Q

the parathyroid hormone targets___.

A

the bones and kidneys

154
Q

what are t4 and t3

A

t4-circulating form from the thyroid

t3-cells

155
Q

what does the GH target

A

liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues, comes from the anterior pituitary

Anatomy and Physiology II (4 decks)

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