MIDTERM II Flashcards
after centrifuge what percentage contains components immune function?
buffy coat
what percentage of the blood is plasma?
55%
functions of blood
transport, regulation, protection
erithrocytes are filled with?
hemoglobin (97%) for gas transport
There are no mitochondria in
RBCs
which is present in a mature red blood cell
Plasma Membrane
The pigment in a Hemoglobin that gives it its’ red color is called what?
Heme- it has an iron atom
each hemoglobin molecule can transport how many oxygen molecules
4
oxygen binds to which portion of the hemoglobin
iron atom
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells do what?
give rise to all formed elements of hematopoiesis
What is erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
a hematopoeitic stem cell will give rise to
all of the above
what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for 2 weeks
kidneys would secrete extra erythropoeitin
target organ of erythroproeitin?
red bone marrow
Causes of anemia
Blood loss, low RBC, high RBC
an elevated neutrophil count would mean
an acute bacterial infection
antihistamines counter the actions of which WBCs
Basophils
the immediate response to blood vessel damage
vascular spasm
why dont plateletes form plugs in undamaged vessels
only platelets contacted with exposed collagen fibers and von willebrand factor causes them to be sticky and form plugs
Humoral stimuli
When changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
Neural stimuli
When a nerve fiber stimulates hormone release(sympathetic nervous system)
Hormonal stimuli
When hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones(i.e. hypothalamus)
when the ovaries secrete estrogen this is an example of
hormonal stimulation
when pancreas releases insulin it is an example of
humoral stimulation
permissiveness
one hormone cannot exert effects without another hormone being present
synergism
more than one hormone produces the same effect- amplification
antagonism
one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
two major lobes of the pituitary gland
posterior(neural) and anterior (glandular)
what does the infindibulim do?
it is the point of attachment between hypothalamus and pituitary gland
what kind of organ is the hypothalamus
neuroendocrine
what two hormones are secreted and stored by the posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin and ADH
where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized?
in the hypothalamus
does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland have a direct neural connection to the hypothalamus?
NO-it is a vascular connection
the anterior lobe of the PG carries….
releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormone secretion
What is Oxytocin
Strong stimulant of uterine contractions, pregnant chicks
The Growth Hormone(GH)
a tissue building hormone that increases blood levels of fatty acids and stimulates protein synthesis…conserves glucose, breaks down glycogen
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that act on other endocrine glands and cause them to release their hormones
The tropic hormones are?
FSH,LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT)
The direct hormones are?
Prolactin, Endorphines, Growth H, (PEG)
Hypersecretion of GH in children
results in gigantism
Hypersecretion of GH in adults
will not change growth(acromegaly) may change facial structure
hyposecretion in children
will result in pituitary dwarfism
thyroid stimulating hormone does what?
stimulates normal developement and activity of the thyroid, inhibited by rising blood levels
adrenocorticotropic hormone does what?
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids(help body resist stress)
two gonadotropins are?
FSH-stimulates egg or sperm
LH- promotes production of testosterone and estrogen
prolactin (PRL)
stimulates milk production
cortical nephrons
shorter loops
juxtamedullary nephrons
are next to the medullar junction
nephron capillary bed flow
afferent arteriole- glomerulus-efferent arteriole
why is blood pressure in glomerulus high
because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent
which blood vessel is associated with the nephron
efferent arteriole
which type of nephron plays an important role in producing concentrated urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
which would not be found in a normal filtrate
albumin
most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed where?
proximal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct do what
vary reabsorption with the body’s needs, this is fine tuned by hormones
The proximal convoluted tubule is
the main site of secretion and reabsorption
When is it called urine and not filtrate
once it leaves the connecting duct
the urine forming units of the kidney are
nephrons
podocytes are part of
filtration slits
which of the following factors contributes to the higher filtration rate in the glomuler capillaries compared to other capillary beds
all of the above
drinking too much alcohol results in a headache because?
alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
the two counter current mechanisms in the kidney
vasacrecta and nephron loop
the juxtamedullary nephron
creates 300-1200 osmolotiti
the vasarecta
is reponsible for maintaining the 300-1200 gradient
the collecting duct
fine tunes what is happening at the end of the nephron loop
the three key players in the osmotic gradient
vasarecta, nephron loop, collecting duct
the descending limb
is freely permeable to water
the ascending loop
is not permeable to water
water moves towards the gradient
of higher solute concentration.
Platelets____.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte productions?
Kidney
which of the following components is a complete cell?
leukocytes
the collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH
False
the proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct
false
obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient
true
oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions
true-also with milk release
the endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid?
False-it is the thyroid
which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions?
Mitotically active
the descending limb of the nephron loop___.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called
tropic hormones
an excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone in a process called____.
positive feedback
the renal tubule is made up of ____.
all of the above
the _____ artery connects to the afferent arteriole leadgin into the glomerulus
cortical radiate
these cells contain histamine and are the least numerous of teh circulating white blod cells
basophils
most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the
proximal convoluted loop
what percentage of our blood is plasma
55%
after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function
buffy coat
which part of the nephron employs the countercurrent mechanism?
nephron loop
the blood filtering structure of the kidney is called the
glomerulus
the target organ of erythropoietin is the
red bone marrow
the fluid in the glomerular capsule is similar to the plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of
plasma proteins
excretion of dilute urine requires
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
receptors for steroid hormones commonly located
inside the target cell
what response would you expect after traveling to high altitude for two weeks
the kidneys would secrete elevated amounts of erythropoeitin
the immediate response to blood vessel damage is a
vascular spasm
the collecting ducts are ___ to water when the hormone___ is present
permeable: ADH
when the parathyroid gland releases PTH in direct response to blood calcium levels, this is an example of ___ stimulation
humoral
a major determinant of a hormone’s mechanism of action is
whether is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic
which type of nephron plays an important role in concentrated urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by positive feedback mechanisms
false
the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the
ureter
after centrifuging, of the listed blood components, which contains the components of immune function
plasma
a hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to
all of the above
which of the following is an effect of PTH
all of the above
the portion of the nephron that maintains the hypertonicity of the medulla is
nephron loop
when urine enters the collecting duct, it is ___ to the blood
hypotonic
the secretion of ___ helps regulate our circadian rythms
melatonin
which area of the brain regulates the endocrine system
hypothalamus
much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called
negative feedback
hormones are secreted in response to all of the following stimuli except
up-regulation
when the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of _____ stimulation
humoral stimulation
the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) is the
anterior pituitary gland
oxytocin is produced here
hypothalamus
a patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. the most likely cause is ____.
hyposecretion of ADH
which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH
increasing calcium absorption in the intestines
during times of stress, elevated levels of ____ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time
cortisol
the islets of langerhans are found in which endocrine organ?
pancreas
which hormone is released by the hypothalamus
GH
target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of ___ on the cell membrane surface
specific receptors
blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ___ mechanisms
negative feedback
the anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called
tropic hormones
the epiphyseal plate is a target organ of this hormone
GH
the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
PTH
what inhibits PTH release
rising Ca2+ levels in the blood
Where are the adrenal glands located
atop the kidneys
what are the two structures of the adrenal gland
the adrenal medulla and cortex
what does the adrenal cortex do?
it produces different corticosteroids
what does the adrenal medulla do?
synthesizes epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine(20%)
what does the pineal gland do?
secretes melatonin (sleep/wake, puberty, sleep, appetite, etc..)
what are acinar cells for?
produce enzyme rich juice for digestion
pancreatic islets
contain endocrine cells
major target and cause of glucagon
liver-increased blood glucose level
the effect of glucagon on the body
release of glucose to the body
the effects of insulin
helps control blood glucose, neural development and learning
what do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
what is secreted by the placenta
estrogens, progesterones and HCG
testes produce
testosterone
what do kidneys do?
excrete metabolic waste, maintain water balance, maintain acid-base balance
3 regions of the internal kidney
renal cortex, medulla, pelvis
which of the following empties urine directly into the renal pelvis?
renal papilla
urine collection occurs in the __ of the kidney
pelvis
blood is delivered to the kidneys via___
renal arteries
the renal corpuscle consists of a
glomerular capsule
the glomerulus specialize in
filtration
how are glomerulus different from other capillary beds
they are fed and drained by arterioles
the vasa recta are associated with which structure in the kidneys
juxtamedullary nephrons
where is ADH secreted from and what does is target?
the posterior pituitary gland, the kidneys
what does FSH do?
stimulates sperm production and estrogen in the ovaries-comes from the anterior pituitary gland
prolactin
promotes lactation in breasts, from anterior pituitary gland
oxytocin
secretes contractions in childbirth, milk ejection
the parathyroid hormone targets___.
the bones and kidneys
what are t4 and t3
t4-circulating form from the thyroid
t3-cells
what does the GH target
liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues, comes from the anterior pituitary
