FIRST MIDTERM Flashcards
What are Tissues?
Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform common related functions.
What is the basic function of epithelial tissue?
Keeps skin tough, secretion, absorption, it is basically a cover.
Connective tissue function?
Support, protect, transport(blood)
Muscle tissue function?
Produces movement
Nervous tissue function
Controls PNS and CNS
Two main types of epithelial tissue?
Covering and Lining. Glandular
What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Polarity, Specialized contacts, supported by conn. tissue, avascular but innervated, can regenerate quickly(high mitosis)
What is the purpose of the basal lamina and from where does it arise?
to filter and absorb nutrients, it arises from the epithelial tissue.
How are epithelial cells classified?
By # of cells layers and shape of the cells
Where are simple squamous cells typically located?
areas of absorption
Which type of cells are the skin made of?
Stratified squamous
How are glandular epithelial cells classified?
of cells(unicellular or multicellular) and site of product release
Endocrine glands
Secrete product directly into blood or specific organ, ductless glands
Exocrine glands
release product into ducts -these can be unicellular
which surface of the stomach does food come in contact with?
The apical surface
The lateral contacts of epithelial cells are?
Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretching, defines boundaries.
What does avascular but innervated mean?
There are no blood vessels, supplied by nerve fibers.
The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in the simple columnar epithelium are known as ?
goblet cells
All are characterics of epithelium except?
abundant extracellular material
Areas of the body that are subject to abrasion should have?
stratified squamous cells
Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as ?
Holocrine
The most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue?
connective tissue
The four main classes of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
3 characteristics that distinguish connective tissue?
have mesenchyme, varying degrees of vascularity, have extracellular matrix
The structural elements of connective tissue?
Ground substance and fiber
2 cell types of connective tissues
blasts-immature cytes-mature
Elastic fibers allow for?
stretch and rebound
Which type of cell is found patrolling areas exposed to harmful bacteria?
macrophages
Bone is also known as
osseous tissue
why is blood classified as connective tissue?
because it develops from mesenchyme
Skeletal muscle tissue
found in skeletal muscle, voluntary
Cardiac muscle,
Heart, involuntary
Smooth muscle
walls of hollow organs, involuntary
Main components of nervous tissue
Brain, spinal cord, nerves- regulate and control body function
neurons
specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
Neuroglia
supporting cells that insulate and protect neurons
The epidermis is mostly made up of
epithelial tissue
the dermis is mostly made up of
connective tissue
The hypodermis
subcutanous layer of fat used for insulation, anchoring, etc..
The principle role of melanin is to
shiel nucleys from damage by UV rays
The touch sensors in the epidermis are?
tactile cells
what is apoptosis
controlled cellular suicide
mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis
basale
which layer of the skin is constantly shedding?
stratum corneum
which layer of the skin has no blood vessels?
the epidermis
the dermis is composed of what type of tissue?
connective
what do keratnocytes do?
produce keratin (a protein)
what do dendritic cells do?
arise in the bone marrow and are used for defense
what are striae
stretch marks
derivatives of the epidermis include,
hair and follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
the smooth muscle associated with the hair follicle is ?
the arrector pili
2 tyoes of hair?
vellus (fine) and terminal (coarse, long appears at puberty)
what is alopicia?
hair thinning
2 main types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
eccrine sweat glands,
function in thermoregulation
apocrine sweat glands
axillary and anogenital areas, odorless until bacteria interaction
what is sebum?
oily bactericidal secretion that softens the hair and skin
what are the major functions of the integumentary system
protection, body temp, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion,
The skin serves as what 3 types of barrier?
Chemical, physical, biological
metastasize means?
spread
basal cell carcinoma
least malignant, most common, usually cured by surgical excision
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most common, does metastasize, removed surgically and by radiation therapy
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous
the ABCD rule?
Asymmetrical
Border (irregular)
Colors (multiple)
Diameter (>6mm)
The spinal cord consists of?
central cavity surrounded by gray matter and external white matter (myelinated fibers)
4 regions of the adult brain
cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
The brain stem consists of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
the ventricles of the brain are filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
how many ventricles does the brain have?
4
83% of the brain is made up of?
the cerebral hemisphere
the 5 sections of the cerebral hemisphere
frontal, temporal, parietal, central, insula
what is the foramen magnum
the space where the spinal cord connects to the brain
CSF continuously moves through?
the subarachnoid space
the “executive suite” of the nervous system is called
the cerebral cortex
the cerebral cortex consists of how much of brain mass and is the site of ________
40% and is the site of the conscious mind
the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex
motor areas, sensory areas, association areas
each hemisphere is concerned with ____
the contralateral side of the body
what does lateralization of cortical function mean?
division of labor between the hemispheres
what does cerebral dominance mean?
the hemisphere that is dominant for language(90% of people it is the left)
the left hemisphere controls
language, math and logic
the right hemisphere controls
intuition, emotion, artsy and musical skills
hemispheres communicate ______ via fiber tracts and functional integration
instantaneously
3 types of fiber tracts in the white matter of the cerebral cortex
association, commissural, and projection(vertical connect lower brain with SP)
basal nuclei are part of
the cerebrum
function of basal nuclei
influence muscle movement, filter responses, inhibit unnecessary movements
what is said to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex and what is its function?
thalamus- sorts out and edits signals
the three structures of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
which brain region synthesizes two major body hormones?
hypothalamus
the _____ is 11% of brain mass and is responsible for coordinated movements
cerebellum
professional ballet dancers have a particularly efficient
cerebellum
severe damage to which brain region would result in death?
medulla oblongata
the 2 networks of neurons in the functional brain system
reticular formation, limbic system
the limbic system is primarily responsible for
emotion and cognition
the reticular formation governs___?
overall arousal of the brain
what is RAS
reticular activating system-sends impulses to te cerebral cortex
reticular formation is inhibited by___?
sleep centers, alcohol, drugs
severe injury to the reticular formation could result in?
permanent unconsciousness
if inhibited which brain system would allow previously filtered stimuli to enter our consciousness?
reticular activating system
the 4 basic classes of brain waves?
alpha- awake, relaxed
beta- awake, alert
theta-common in children
delta- deep sleep
what is an EEG
electroencephalogram-used to record electrical activity that accompanies brain function
2 types of sleep
REM (dreaming) and non-REM
narcolepsy
when a person abruptly lapses in REM sleep
Insomnia
chronic inability to obtain amount and quality of sleep needed
sleep apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
Broca’s area is responsible for?
speech
factors that affect the transfer of information from STM to LTM
emotional state, rehearsal, motivation and automatic memory
which type of memory does not require conscious attention
nondeclarative memory
3 layers of meninges?
dura mater-toughest
arachnoid mater-webs
pia mater-directly on the brain
composition and function of the CSF?
watery solution that gives buoyancy and protects the CNS structures, nourishes and carries chemical signals
How is CSF absorbed back into the blood?
arachnoid villus
what does the blood brain barrier do?
its a selective barrier that allows nutrients in but keeps wastes and toxins out
what are the 5 special senses
vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium
70% of the body’s receptors are located____
in the eye
most of the eye is protected by
adipose tissue
the cornea is part of which layer of the eye?
fibrous layer
what are the 3 layers of the eye
fibrous-
vascular-
inner
the fluid in the internal cavity of the eye is called
humors
2 regions in the fibrous layer of the eye
sclera, cornea
3 regions in the vascular layer of the eye
choroid-supplies blood
ciliary-smooth muscle bundles control shape
iris-colored part of the eye
the inner layer of the eye
Retina- pigmented layer and neural layer
the role of taste in maintaining homeostasis?
triggers digestion, increased secretion of saliva, increased secretion of gastric juice into stomach, initiates protective reactions(gagging, vomiting)
taste is 80% smell. the relationship between taste and smell is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of
chemoreception
hearing receptors are located in the
internal ear
what is sound?
a pressure disturbance produced by vibrating objects
the ____of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, the ____ of sound is interpreted as loudness
frequency; amplitude
sound waves first arrive in ____
the tympanic membrane
what sends information about the region and intensity of sound to the CNS
the cochlea
Mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis?
Basale
The sweat glands that are important in body temp regulation are the ______.
Eccrine glands
How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched?
visible lines that become silvery white scars
fibers that connect gray matter between the two cerebral hemispheres are called?
commissures
blood vessels of the eye are found in the middle of the _____.
Choroid
taste and smell are both____
chemoreceptors
the fibrous layer of the eye contains
cornea
all of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium except
abundant extracellular material
the central canal of the spinal cord is analogous to what part of the brain?
ventricles
the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord is the ____.
pia mater
tissue that forms boundaries
epithelial tissue
tissue type responsible for regulating and controlling body function?
nervous tissue
which layer of the dermis is closest to the epidermis
papillary layer
gateway to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
optic disc
subarachnoid leaves lies
between arachnoid and the pia
the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord___
pia mater
basal nuclei are part of the
cerebrum
brainstem
midbrain, medulla, pons
the only voluntary muscle
skeletal muscle
key activators of immune system
dendritic cells
most risk for melanoma
exposure to UV radiation
taller than wide but flat in the apical layer
stratified squamous
which cells in the epidermis are key activators of the immune system
dendritic cells
protein throughout epidermis that gives protective properties
keratin
the pons belongs to which region
mid brain
which statement best describes connective tissue
usually contains a large amount of matrix
sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear by the
ossicles
layer of skin with no blood vessels
epidermis
which type of tissue is avascular
epidermis
glands that secrete directly in the blood
endocrine
the dermis is composed of what tissue
connective
ciliary body is part of the
vascular part of the eye
the ____ of the brain allows for smooth coordinated movement
cerebellum
cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed back into the body by
arachnoid villi
does epithelial have high regenerative capabilites
yes
in detection of smell, odorants themselves
bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
which layer of the dermis is responsible for cell division and repalacement
stratum basale
which types of glands are sweat glands
apocrine, eccrine
ossicles are located ___?
in the middle ear
eyebrow follicles stay short because
they are only active for a few months
fat accumulates in which layer?
hypodermis
Property of epithelial tissue
It is innervated
a ridge on the surface of the cortex is called a
gyrus
the system that filters out distractions
reticular formation.
