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Anatomy and Physiology II > FIRST MIDTERM > Flashcards

FIRST MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

What are Tissues?

A

Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform common related functions.

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2
Q

What is the basic function of epithelial tissue?

A

Keeps skin tough, secretion, absorption, it is basically a cover.

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3
Q

Connective tissue function?

A

Support, protect, transport(blood)

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4
Q

Muscle tissue function?

A

Produces movement

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5
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Controls PNS and CNS

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6
Q

Two main types of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering and Lining. Glandular

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7
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Polarity, Specialized contacts, supported by conn. tissue, avascular but innervated, can regenerate quickly(high mitosis)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the basal lamina and from where does it arise?

A

to filter and absorb nutrients, it arises from the epithelial tissue.

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9
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

By # of cells layers and shape of the cells

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10
Q

Where are simple squamous cells typically located?

A

areas of absorption

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11
Q

Which type of cells are the skin made of?

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

How are glandular epithelial cells classified?

A

of cells(unicellular or multicellular) and site of product release

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13
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete product directly into blood or specific organ, ductless glands

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14
Q

Exocrine glands

A

release product into ducts -these can be unicellular

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15
Q

which surface of the stomach does food come in contact with?

A

The apical surface

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16
Q

The lateral contacts of epithelial cells are?

A

Tight Junctions and Desmosomes

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17
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

Reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretching, defines boundaries.

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18
Q

What does avascular but innervated mean?

A

There are no blood vessels, supplied by nerve fibers.

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19
Q

The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in the simple columnar epithelium are known as ?

A

goblet cells

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20
Q

All are characterics of epithelium except?

A

abundant extracellular material

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21
Q

Areas of the body that are subject to abrasion should have?

A

stratified squamous cells

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22
Q

Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as ?

A

Holocrine

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23
Q

The most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue?

A

connective tissue

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24
Q

The four main classes of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

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25
Q

3 characteristics that distinguish connective tissue?

A

have mesenchyme, varying degrees of vascularity, have extracellular matrix

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26
Q

The structural elements of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance and fiber

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27
Q

2 cell types of connective tissues

A

blasts-immature cytes-mature

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28
Q

Elastic fibers allow for?

A

stretch and rebound

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29
Q

Which type of cell is found patrolling areas exposed to harmful bacteria?

A

macrophages

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30
Q

Bone is also known as

A

osseous tissue

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31
Q

why is blood classified as connective tissue?

A

because it develops from mesenchyme

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

found in skeletal muscle, voluntary

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33
Q

Cardiac muscle,

A

Heart, involuntary

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34
Q

Smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow organs, involuntary

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35
Q

Main components of nervous tissue

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves- regulate and control body function

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36
Q

neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

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37
Q

Neuroglia

A

supporting cells that insulate and protect neurons

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38
Q

The epidermis is mostly made up of

A

epithelial tissue

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39
Q

the dermis is mostly made up of

A

connective tissue

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40
Q

The hypodermis

A

subcutanous layer of fat used for insulation, anchoring, etc..

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41
Q

The principle role of melanin is to

A

shiel nucleys from damage by UV rays

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42
Q

The touch sensors in the epidermis are?

A

tactile cells

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43
Q

what is apoptosis

A

controlled cellular suicide

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44
Q

mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis

A

basale

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45
Q

which layer of the skin is constantly shedding?

A

stratum corneum

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46
Q

which layer of the skin has no blood vessels?

A

the epidermis

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47
Q

the dermis is composed of what type of tissue?

A

connective

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48
Q

what do keratnocytes do?

A

produce keratin (a protein)

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49
Q

what do dendritic cells do?

A

arise in the bone marrow and are used for defense

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50
Q

what are striae

A

stretch marks

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51
Q

derivatives of the epidermis include,

A

hair and follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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52
Q

the smooth muscle associated with the hair follicle is ?

A

the arrector pili

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53
Q

2 tyoes of hair?

A

vellus (fine) and terminal (coarse, long appears at puberty)

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54
Q

what is alopicia?

A

hair thinning

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55
Q

2 main types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

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56
Q

eccrine sweat glands,

A

function in thermoregulation

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57
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axillary and anogenital areas, odorless until bacteria interaction

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58
Q

what is sebum?

A

oily bactericidal secretion that softens the hair and skin

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59
Q

what are the major functions of the integumentary system

A

protection, body temp, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion,

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60
Q

The skin serves as what 3 types of barrier?

A

Chemical, physical, biological

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61
Q

metastasize means?

A

spread

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62
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant, most common, usually cured by surgical excision

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63
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

2nd most common, does metastasize, removed surgically and by radiation therapy

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64
Q

melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous

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65
Q

the ABCD rule?

A

Asymmetrical
Border (irregular)
Colors (multiple)
Diameter (>6mm)

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66
Q

The spinal cord consists of?

A

central cavity surrounded by gray matter and external white matter (myelinated fibers)

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67
Q

4 regions of the adult brain

A

cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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68
Q

The brain stem consists of?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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69
Q

the ventricles of the brain are filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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70
Q

how many ventricles does the brain have?

A

4

71
Q

83% of the brain is made up of?

A

the cerebral hemisphere

72
Q

the 5 sections of the cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, central, insula

73
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A

the space where the spinal cord connects to the brain

74
Q

CSF continuously moves through?

A

the subarachnoid space

75
Q

the “executive suite” of the nervous system is called

A

the cerebral cortex

76
Q

the cerebral cortex consists of how much of brain mass and is the site of ________

A

40% and is the site of the conscious mind

77
Q

the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor areas, sensory areas, association areas

78
Q

each hemisphere is concerned with ____

A

the contralateral side of the body

79
Q

what does lateralization of cortical function mean?

A

division of labor between the hemispheres

80
Q

what does cerebral dominance mean?

A

the hemisphere that is dominant for language(90% of people it is the left)

81
Q

the left hemisphere controls

A

language, math and logic

82
Q

the right hemisphere controls

A

intuition, emotion, artsy and musical skills

83
Q

hemispheres communicate ______ via fiber tracts and functional integration

A

instantaneously

84
Q

3 types of fiber tracts in the white matter of the cerebral cortex

A

association, commissural, and projection(vertical connect lower brain with SP)

85
Q

basal nuclei are part of

A

the cerebrum

86
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

influence muscle movement, filter responses, inhibit unnecessary movements

87
Q

what is said to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex and what is its function?

A

thalamus- sorts out and edits signals

88
Q

the three structures of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

89
Q

which brain region synthesizes two major body hormones?

A

hypothalamus

90
Q

the _____ is 11% of brain mass and is responsible for coordinated movements

A

cerebellum

91
Q

professional ballet dancers have a particularly efficient

A

cerebellum

92
Q

severe damage to which brain region would result in death?

A

medulla oblongata

93
Q

the 2 networks of neurons in the functional brain system

A

reticular formation, limbic system

94
Q

the limbic system is primarily responsible for

A

emotion and cognition

95
Q

the reticular formation governs___?

A

overall arousal of the brain

96
Q

what is RAS

A

reticular activating system-sends impulses to te cerebral cortex

97
Q

reticular formation is inhibited by___?

A

sleep centers, alcohol, drugs

98
Q

severe injury to the reticular formation could result in?

A

permanent unconsciousness

99
Q

if inhibited which brain system would allow previously filtered stimuli to enter our consciousness?

A

reticular activating system

100
Q

the 4 basic classes of brain waves?

A

alpha- awake, relaxed
beta- awake, alert
theta-common in children
delta- deep sleep

101
Q

what is an EEG

A

electroencephalogram-used to record electrical activity that accompanies brain function

102
Q

2 types of sleep

A

REM (dreaming) and non-REM

103
Q

narcolepsy

A

when a person abruptly lapses in REM sleep

104
Q

Insomnia

A

chronic inability to obtain amount and quality of sleep needed

105
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

106
Q

Broca’s area is responsible for?

A

speech

107
Q

factors that affect the transfer of information from STM to LTM

A

emotional state, rehearsal, motivation and automatic memory

108
Q

which type of memory does not require conscious attention

A

nondeclarative memory

109
Q

3 layers of meninges?

A

dura mater-toughest
arachnoid mater-webs
pia mater-directly on the brain

110
Q

composition and function of the CSF?

A

watery solution that gives buoyancy and protects the CNS structures, nourishes and carries chemical signals

111
Q

How is CSF absorbed back into the blood?

A

arachnoid villus

112
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do?

A

its a selective barrier that allows nutrients in but keeps wastes and toxins out

113
Q

what are the 5 special senses

A

vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

114
Q

70% of the body’s receptors are located____

A

in the eye

115
Q

most of the eye is protected by

A

adipose tissue

116
Q

the cornea is part of which layer of the eye?

A

fibrous layer

117
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye

A

fibrous-
vascular-
inner

118
Q

the fluid in the internal cavity of the eye is called

A

humors

119
Q

2 regions in the fibrous layer of the eye

A

sclera, cornea

120
Q

3 regions in the vascular layer of the eye

A

choroid-supplies blood
ciliary-smooth muscle bundles control shape
iris-colored part of the eye

121
Q

the inner layer of the eye

A

Retina- pigmented layer and neural layer

122
Q

the role of taste in maintaining homeostasis?

A

triggers digestion, increased secretion of saliva, increased secretion of gastric juice into stomach, initiates protective reactions(gagging, vomiting)

123
Q

taste is 80% smell. the relationship between taste and smell is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of

A

chemoreception

124
Q

hearing receptors are located in the

A

internal ear

125
Q

what is sound?

A

a pressure disturbance produced by vibrating objects

126
Q

the ____of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, the ____ of sound is interpreted as loudness

A

frequency; amplitude

127
Q

sound waves first arrive in ____

A

the tympanic membrane

128
Q

what sends information about the region and intensity of sound to the CNS

A

the cochlea

129
Q

Mitosis occurs primarily in which stratum of the epidermis?

A

Basale

130
Q

The sweat glands that are important in body temp regulation are the ______.

A

Eccrine glands

131
Q

How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched?

A

visible lines that become silvery white scars

132
Q

fibers that connect gray matter between the two cerebral hemispheres are called?

A

commissures

133
Q

blood vessels of the eye are found in the middle of the _____.

A

Choroid

134
Q

taste and smell are both____

A

chemoreceptors

135
Q

the fibrous layer of the eye contains

A

cornea

136
Q

all of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium except

A

abundant extracellular material

137
Q

the central canal of the spinal cord is analogous to what part of the brain?

A

ventricles

138
Q

the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord is the ____.

A

pia mater

139
Q

tissue that forms boundaries

A

epithelial tissue

140
Q

tissue type responsible for regulating and controlling body function?

A

nervous tissue

141
Q

which layer of the dermis is closest to the epidermis

A

papillary layer

142
Q

gateway to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

143
Q

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

A

optic disc

144
Q

subarachnoid leaves lies

A

between arachnoid and the pia

145
Q

the innermost meninx that protects the brain and spinal cord___

A

pia mater

146
Q

basal nuclei are part of the

A

cerebrum

147
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, medulla, pons

148
Q

the only voluntary muscle

A

skeletal muscle

149
Q

key activators of immune system

A

dendritic cells

150
Q

most risk for melanoma

A

exposure to UV radiation

151
Q

taller than wide but flat in the apical layer

A

stratified squamous

152
Q

which cells in the epidermis are key activators of the immune system

A

dendritic cells

153
Q

protein throughout epidermis that gives protective properties

A

keratin

154
Q

the pons belongs to which region

A

mid brain

155
Q

which statement best describes connective tissue

A

usually contains a large amount of matrix

156
Q

sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear by the

A

ossicles

157
Q

layer of skin with no blood vessels

A

epidermis

158
Q

which type of tissue is avascular

A

epidermis

159
Q

glands that secrete directly in the blood

A

endocrine

160
Q

the dermis is composed of what tissue

A

connective

161
Q

ciliary body is part of the

A

vascular part of the eye

162
Q

the ____ of the brain allows for smooth coordinated movement

A

cerebellum

163
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed back into the body by

A

arachnoid villi

164
Q

does epithelial have high regenerative capabilites

A

yes

165
Q

in detection of smell, odorants themselves

A

bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels

166
Q

which layer of the dermis is responsible for cell division and repalacement

A

stratum basale

167
Q

which types of glands are sweat glands

A

apocrine, eccrine

168
Q

ossicles are located ___?

A

in the middle ear

169
Q

eyebrow follicles stay short because

A

they are only active for a few months

170
Q

fat accumulates in which layer?

A

hypodermis

171
Q

Property of epithelial tissue

A

It is innervated

172
Q

a ridge on the surface of the cortex is called a

A

gyrus

173
Q

the system that filters out distractions

A

reticular formation.

Anatomy and Physiology II (4 decks)

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