Final Exam Flashcards
the esophagus is a part of the ____, while the pancreas is considered an _____ when it comes to the digestive system
alimentary canal: accessory digestive organ
what is the first step in propulsion
swallowing-(oral pharynx)
mucosa is made of______
epithelial cells
most of the alimentary tract is made of _____ epithelial cells
simple columnar
Our mouth and upper esophagus are made of ___ epithelial cells
stratified squamous
chemical digestion is initiated in the _____.
mouth- (salivary amalayse and lingual lipase)
The buccal phase
is voluntary, its when the tongue pushed to the back of the throat
the pharyngeal-esophageal phase
is involuntary: controls center medulla and lower pons
what is the function of the uvula
it keeps food from coming out of your nose
what is a possible side effect of weakening of the cardiac sphincter
acid reflux into the esophagus
what is chyme?
food when it leaves the stomach
the stomach is able to expand to nearly 100 times its empty volume partly due to ____ in its walls
rugae
the _____ cells are responsible for HCl and intrinsic factor production
parietal cells
produce pepsinogin and lipases(fat digesting enzyme)
Chief cells
what does pepsin break down
proteins
harsh digestive conditions in the stomach are protected by
the mucosal barrier
only stomach function that is essential to life
the secretion of intrinsic factor - vitamin b12 absorption
peristalsis is part of which digestive process?
propulsion
_____ involves over 22 muschle groups and includes the buccal phase and the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
deglutation(swallowing)
a patient with a low RBC count recieves vitamin b12 injections every 2 weeks. why?
parietal cells in this patient’s stomach have ceased producing intrinsic factor.
what is the function of bile?
it is a fat emulsifier
function of circular folds, villi and microvilli?
allow enough time for absorption and digestion in the small intestine
brush border that contains enzymes for carb and protein digestion?
microvilli
how is the small intestine adapted for nutrient absorption?
it has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds, villi and microvilli
How many lobes does the liver have?
4
what is the only digestive function of the liver?
to produce bile
what is the chief function of the gallbladder?
bile storage
what is the main function of the pancreas?
producing a watery solution and enzymes that neutralize chyme
endocrine function of the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
which two organs do not play a role in ingestion or defecation?
small intestine and stomach
what is peristalsis?
the wave like motion of digestion
what is segmentation
process of moving food through the digestive tract
the majority of absorption occurs where?
the small intestine
cirrhosis of the liver would most severely impact the digestion of _____
lipids
the major digestive function of the large intestine?
to absorb water and temporarily store food until it is time to be excreted.
function of tenia coli
they are a smooth muscle lining that control the haustra
which of the following is not part of the large intestine? cecum appendix illeum sigmoid colon
the illeum
what are the pocket like sacs of the large intestine
haustra
how long does food stay in the large intesting
12-24
what does not happen in the large intestine?
absorption of nutrients
in terms of gastrointestinal function, the large intestine’s greatest contribution is _____.
absorption of water
the bacteria that enter your digestive sytem through anus or small intestine and help with digestive comfort?
bacterial flora
2 types of motility in the large intestine?
haustral contractions and gastrocolic reflex
what is gastrocolic reflex
initiated by the presence of food in the stomach, it is a mass movement of the colon
what are the two sphincters of the rectum?
internal-smooth(involuntary)
external-skeletal(voluntary)
primary sex organs(gonads)
testes and ovaries
accessory reproductive organs
ducts, glands, and external genitalia
where is sperm produced?
in the testes
where is sperm stored?
epididimis-until ejaculation
the temperature of the scrotum is kept constant by
dartos muscle and cremaster muscles
what is oogenisis
the production of female gametes
what has to happen for a sperm to penetrate an egg
capacatation.
what is cleavage
rapid mitotic division with little no cell growth in between those divisions
when does cleavage occur
while the zygote is moving towards the uterus
parathyroid and vitamin d levels will be ____ during pregnancy
higher
what is the longest stage of labor?
dilation stage (6-12 hours)
a babies first shot of lgA antibodies from the mother-not milk comes from?
colostrum
the intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of
vitamin B12
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions…T/F?
True
the substance secreted by the pancreas that helps neutralize chyme is?
Bicarbonate
what organ in the body regulates erythrocytes production?
kidney
the collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH…T/F
false
the distal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct…T/F
true
the majority of absorption occurs in the _____.?
small intestine
chemical digestion is initiated in the ______.
mouth
the _____ cells are responsible for HCl Production
parietal
peristalsis is part of which digestive process
propulsion
the function of the large intestine includes all of the following except\_\_\_\_\_. elimination of waste absorp. of water and electr. absorption of nutrients production of vitamins
absorption of nutrients
what is a possible side effect of weakening of the cardiac sphincter
acid reflux into the esophagus
excretion of dilute urine requires____.
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
most of the nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the ____.
proximal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts are ____ to water when the hormone___ is present
permeable: ADH
what role do the vasa recta play in urine formation
the VR deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid
blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by negative feedback mechanisms…..T/F
true
the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the ____.
ureter
most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by the accessory organ.
pancreas
saliva is composed mainly of ____.
water
all of the following are part of the alimentary canal except the \_\_\_\_\_. pharynx esophagus small intestine liver
liver
the pocketlike sacs of the large intestine are called
haustra
the gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen are the _____.
cheif cells
the secretion of amylase is part of which digestive process?
chemical digestion
a ruptured follicle is transformed into the ___.
corpus luteum
what percentage of sperm carry the Y chromosome?
50%
which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity?
ductus deferens
capacitation refers to changes occurring in ____.
sperm before fertilization
at the time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the ____.
xiphoid process
in the developing fetus, all body systems are present by __.
8 weeks
immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the ___.
corpus luteum
the superior portion of the uterus is called the _____.
fundus
fertilization typically occurs in the ____.
uterine tube
it is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temp for abundant sperm formation..T/F
True
a human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes …T/F
false
the most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is____.
undescended testes
which glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen
seminal vesicles
which is not part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum
conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring…T/F?
true
it is impossible for sperm to be functional until after _____.
they undergo capacitation
Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. What structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?
corpus luteum
cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ___.
cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions
