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PSYC 2600 > Midterm I - Questions > Flashcards

Midterm I - Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Population Level Analysis

A

Changes or constancies that apply more or less to everyone

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2
Q

What type of research design is used to determine causality?

A

Experimental Research Method

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3
Q

What are the Temperament Factors?

A

Activity Level

Smiling and Laughter

Fear

Distress to Limitations

Soothability

Duration of Orienting

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4
Q

What are the goals of the Dispositional Domain of Knowledge?

A

To identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ from one another

The origin of individual difference and how these develop and change over time

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5
Q

Traits are _______ properties of a person which _______ behavior

A

Internal

Cause

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6
Q

What is Personality Coherence?

A

Maintaining rank order for a trait relative to others but changing in the behavioral expression or manifestation of the trait over time

The habitual acts may change but the trait is still the same

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7
Q

The following are traits of _______:

Aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unempathetic, creative, tough-minded

A

Psychoticism

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8
Q

What are the three main traits in Eysenck’s Model?

A

Psychoticism

Extraversion-Introversion

Neuroticism-Emotional Stability

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9
Q

The Wiggins Circumples started with the _______ approach

A

Lexical

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10
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality is strongly rooted in _______

A mode of personality based on traits believed to be highly _______ with a likely _______ foundation

A

Biology

Hertitable

Psychophysiological

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11
Q

What are some major criticisms of Catell’s Taxonomy?

A

There has been failure to replicate the 16 Factors

It is argued that smaller number of factors captures important ways in which individuals differ

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12
Q

What is Mean Level Stability?

A

Average level of the trait in the population (high, low) remains stable over time

Constancy of level in a particular group

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13
Q

The Theoretical Approach starts with a _______ which determines which variables are important

A

Theory

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14
Q

The following are traits of _______:

Sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensaiton-seeking, carefree, dominant, surgent, venturesome

A

Extraversion

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15
Q

Openness, Extraversion, and Neuroticism _______ with age until 50 years old

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness _______ with age until 50 years old

A

Decline

Increase

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16
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge assumes that personality affets and is affected by cultural and social contexts?

A

Social and Cultural Domain

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17
Q

Traits are thought to be Causal because they _______ the _______ of the individuals who possess them

A

Explain the Behavior

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18
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency or stability of a measure

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19
Q

What does posting a lot of pictures on Social Media say about one’s personality?

A

High ratings in narcissistic traits

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20
Q

Personality is a set of ________ and ________ within the individual that are ________ and ________ ________ and that influence his or her ________ with and ________ to the ________, ________, and ________ environments.

A

Traits and Mechanisms

Organzied and Relatively Enduring

Interactions with and Adaptations to

Intrapsychic, Physical, and Social

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21
Q

A child who bullies other kids when he is 8 years old and then grows up to be involved in heated political debates when he is 22 years old is representing?

A

Personality Coherence

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22
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

Comprehensive

Guides future research

Testable

Avoids assumptions

Compatible with other areas of knowledge

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23
Q

What is Dolce Vita?

A

After age 50 we care less what people think of us, we don’t go out of our ways to socialize just for the sake of it, and we are less open to new experiences

More set in our own ways

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24
Q

Patterns in Sensation Seeking:

_______ with age from childhood to adolescence

_______ in late adolescence, around ages 18-20

_______ more or less continuosly with age after early 20’s

A

Increases

Peaks

Decreases

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25
Q

Of the Big Five, what predicts Risky sexual behaviors?

A

High: Extraversion, Neuroticism

Low: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness

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26
Q

Changes seen in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood:

No change at _______ level

Differences at group level: Females tends to _______ and males tends to _______

A

Population

Decrease

Increase

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27
Q

What is Individual Differene Level Analysis?

A

Changes or constancies that affect individuals differently

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28
Q

Traits and mechanisms of personality are _______in a logical and _______way

Traits are relatively enduring over time, while states are _______ which don’t last long

A

Organized

Consistent

Experiences

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29
Q

The Mill’s College Longitudinal Study of women found that for traditional homemakers, their level so independence at age 21 versus at age 43 suggests homemakers’ independence scores are likely to change _______ with age

A

Little

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30
Q

The following are traits of _______:

Anxious, depressed, guilty feelings, low self-esteem, tense, irrational, shy, moody, emotional

A

Neuroticism

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31
Q

Personality is a set of general _______ or average _______

A

Characteristics

Tendencies

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32
Q

What are three levels of Personality?

A

Human Nature - Like all others

Group - Like some others

Individual - Like no others

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33
Q

The following are scores on the Big Five trait _______:

High scores: worrying, anxious, insecure, temperamental

Low scores: calm, secure, relaxed, stable

A

Neuroticism

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34
Q

What are three aspects of personality which strongly predict marital dissatisfaction and divorce?

A

Husband’s Neuroticism

Husband’s Impulsivity

Wife’s Neuroticism

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35
Q

Traits as Internal Causal Properties believes that traits can lie _______ even when behaviors are not expressed and they are _______ of behavior, ruling out other causes

A

Dormant

Causes

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36
Q

What are some Disadvantages to using O-Data?

A

Lack access to private experiences

Bias

Error

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37
Q

What are the four levels of Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality?

A

Level One: Super-Traits

Level Two: Narrow Traits

Level Three: Habitual Responses

Level Four: Specific Acts

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38
Q

What are Disadvantages to Wiggins Circumplex?

A

Interpersonal map is limited to two dimensions

Other traits may have important interpersonal consequences

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39
Q

What adaptive functions does personality serve?

A

Accomplish goals

Cope

Adjust

Respond to challenges

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40
Q

What is Validity?

A

Degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure

Accuracy

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41
Q

The following are scores on the Big Five trait _______:

High scores: Creative, artistic, curious, imaginative, non-conforming

Low Score: Conventional, down to Earth, uncreative

A

Openness

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42
Q

What are the main types of Validity?

A

Face Validity - measure appears to be a good measure of the construct

Predictive/Criterion Validity - measure can predict construct or outcome

Convergent Validity - measure correlates with other measures of the same construct

Discriminant Validity - measure differs from other measures of different constructs

Construct Validity - measures the theoretical construct its supposed to

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43
Q

Wiggins Circumplex was most connected with interpersonal traits, interpersonal is defined as _______ between people involving _______

A

Interactions

Exchanges

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44
Q

If everyones position of a trait relative to others in the group stayed the same, but the overall level of that same trait within the group lowered, this would be an example of _______ and _______

A

High Rank Order Stability

and

Mean Level Instability/Change

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45
Q

Wiggins Circumplex: Interpersonal events may be defined as dyadic interactions that have relatively clear cut social (_______) and emotional (_______) consequences for both participants

A

Status

Love

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46
Q

If you scores high on ‘values’ and ‘feelings’ chances are that ou are high on the trait of _______

A

Openness

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47
Q

What are the biological underpinnings for the basic dimnesions of Eysenck’s Model?

A

High Heritability

Identifiable Physiological Substrates

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48
Q

Findings of Temperament Stability over time - Stability of temperament tends to be higher for _______ intervals of time than _______ intervals of time

A

Short

Long

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49
Q

What is the main goal of the Statistical Approach

A

To identify major dimensions of personality

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50
Q

What does T-Data tell us?

A

If different people behave differently in identical situations

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51
Q

What is Group-Level Analysis

A

Changes or constancies that affect groups differently

Ex. Gender differences, Cultural differences

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52
Q

What are some practical applications of Catell’s 16 Personality Factor System?

A

Used to develop the 16-PF persnality assessment tool

Used to create personality moels in business applications, clinical settings, counseling, and research for predicting human behavior

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53
Q

Trait adjectives are important for people in _______ with others about _______

A

Communicating

Others

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54
Q

What are the Four Horsemen that can be used to predict a relationship, and which is the biggest predictor?

A

Stonewalling

Defensiveness

Criticism

Contempt

55
Q

Of the Big Five, what predicts Forgiveness?

A

High: Agreeableness

Low: Neuroticism

56
Q

The Adjustment Domain of Knowledge assumes that personality plays a role in how we _______, _______, and _______ to events in daily life, and that personality if linked with important _______ outcomes

A

Cope, Adapt, and Adjust

Health

57
Q

What is the main assumption of the Lexical Approach?

A

All traits that are listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people

58
Q

What type of study focuses on an in depth examination of the life of one person?

A

Case Study

59
Q

Words that describe traits or attributes of a person that are characteristic of a person and perhaps enduring over time?

A

Trait-Descriptive Adjectives

60
Q

High: Conscientiousness, Extraversion

Low: Hostility, Neuroticism

are good predictors of?

A

Health and Longevity

61
Q

The Statistical Approach starts with a pool of _______ items inlcuding _______ words and series of questions about _______, _______, and _______

A

Personality

Trait

Emotion, Behavior, and Experience

62
Q

The following are scores on the Big Five trait _______:

High scores: good-natured, trusting, helpful

Low scores: rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive

A

Agreeableness

63
Q

The Biological Domain of Knowledge assumes that humans are collections of _______ systems and these systems provide building blocks for _______, _______, and _______

A

Biological

Behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

64
Q

Personality impacts how we _______, feel, and _______/_______

A

Think

Act/Interact

65
Q

Research examining mean-level changes in traits from the five-factor model show _______ mean level _______ with

A

Small Mean Level Changes

66
Q

Adult outcomes of children with temper tantrums:

Men, who as children, had frequent and severe temper tantrums achieved _______ levels of education, lower _______ status at first job, changed _______ frequently, an had _______ work patterns

A

Lower

Occupational

Jobs

Erratic

67
Q

What is L-Data and what are some examples?

A

Information that can be gained from events, activities, and outcomes in a person’s life that is available for public scrutiny

Examples: Speeding tickets, hospital records, tax returns, social media, etc.

68
Q

In personality research, where is the gap in the research?

A

A gap between grand theories of personality (human nature level of analysis)

and

Contemporary research in personality (individual and group differences level of analysis)

We are lacking a unifying theory of personality!

69
Q

The Cognitive-Experiential Domain of knowledge focuses on cognition and subjective experience, such as _______ thoughts, _______, beliefs, and _______ about oneself and others

A

Conscious

Feelings

Desires

70
Q

Most grand theories of personality focus on the _______ levels of analysis

A

Human Nature

71
Q

What are some Advantages to using S-Data?

A

Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions

Simple and Easy

Definitional truth

72
Q

People married to a spouse similar to themselve showed most personality _______

People married to a spouse least similar to themselves showed most personality _______

A

Stability

Change

73
Q
A
74
Q

Index of how much a factor explains a variable in Factor Analysis

A

Factor Loading

75
Q

Personality as a psychological mechanism acts as our information processin system:

_______ > _______ > _______

A

Input > Decision Rule (IF, THEN) > Output

76
Q

Catell’s goal was to _______ and _______ the basic units of personality

He believed that the true factors of personality should be found across different types of _______

A

Identify and Measure

Data

77
Q

Limitations to using the Lexical Approach:

Many traits are _______, obscure, or _______

Personality is conveyed through different parts of _______

So many traits are defined as _______, there is no scientific method for narrowing it down

A

Amiguous, Difficult

Speech

Important

78
Q

Findings of Temperament Stability over time - There is moderate _______ over time in the first year for most _______ variables

A

Stability

Temperament

79
Q

A consistent and stable Characteristic

A

A Trait

80
Q

The dispositional domain of knowledge focuses on traits that are _______ over time

A

Enduring

81
Q

What are examples of identifiable physiological substrates for each basic dimension of Eysenck’s model?

A
  • Extroverts* have low levels of cortical activity, Introverts have higher levels of cortical activity
  • Neuroticism* effects changeability of the ANS (fight-or-flight)
  • Psychoticism* has high testosterone and low levels of MAO
82
Q

Of the Big Five, what predicts higher educational attainment and earnings?

A

High: Openness, conscientiousness

Low: Neuroticism

83
Q

Traits are just _______ summaries of a person’s _______

A

Descriptive

Attributes

84
Q

What does the Lexical Hypothesis state?

A

All important individual differences have been encoded within the natural language

85
Q

What are physiological tests used for T-Data?

A

Blood pressure, galvanic skin response, heart rate, braing functioning (EEG, fMRI, MRI, etc.)

86
Q

Rank Order Change/Instability happens when people _______ their rank order within the group over time for certain trait

A

Change

87
Q

What is O-Data?

A

Observer-Report Data

Information provided by someone else about another person

88
Q

What type of study identifies what goes with what in nature?

A

Correlational Study

89
Q

Through our intrpsychic, social, and physical environments, personality influences:

A

Perceptions and interpretations of the environment

Selection of situations we enter

Evocation of feelings and responses in others

Manipulations of the environments

90
Q

Findings of Temperament Stability over time - Level of stability tends to _______ with age

A

Increase

91
Q

What are the three main types of Reliability?

A

Test-Retest Reliability - Degree to which results are consistent over time

Inter-Rater Reliability - Degree to which multiple observers report similar results

Internal Consistency Reliability - Degree to which all the items on a test measure the same construct

92
Q

The Wiggins Circumplex argues that trait items specify different kinds of ways in which individuals differ:

_______, _______, Character, Material, _______, Mental, and _______

A

Interpersonal

Temperament

Attitude

Physical

93
Q

What is Rank Order Stability?

A

Maintenance of individual position within the group in spite of the developments of the group

(where you stack relative to others)

94
Q

What are the key requirements for a design to be experimental?

A

Manipulation of one or more variables

Random assignment

95
Q

What is the purpose of a theory?

A

Organize research findings to tell a coherent story

Used to make predictions

Provides a guide for future research

96
Q

Which domain of knowledge deals with internal mental mechanisms of personality?

A

Intrapsychic Domain

97
Q

Personality interacts with our _______ which in turn interacts with us

Each environment contributes to our _______

A

Environments

Reality

98
Q

What are four ways we can study personality?

A

Self-Report Data (S-Data)

Observer-Report Data (O-Data)

Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)

Test Data (T-Data)

99
Q

What are some Disadvantages to using S-Data?

A

May not respond honestly

Lack accurate knowledge of self

Potential overuse

100
Q

What is personality development?

A

Continuities, consistencies, and stabilities over time

and

The ways in which people change over time (enduring and internal change)

101
Q

What is S-Data?

A

Self-Report Data

Person provides information about themselves through sruvey, questionnaires, or interviews

102
Q

Traits are enduring aspects of a person’s _______ - behavior is not _______ by traits but traits are a way to _______ obervable behavior, which allows for role of other causes

A

Behavior

Caused

Describe

103
Q

What are Cohort Effects?

A

Changes over time that are attributable to living in different time perdiods rather than due to ‘true’ change

104
Q

Which Domain of knowledge deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another?

A

Dispositional Domain

105
Q

The following are scores on the Big Five trait _______:

High scores: talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate

Low scores: reserved, comfortable being alone, stays in background

A

Extraversion

106
Q

What is the most supported Taxonomy of Traits?

A

Five-Factor Model

107
Q

Factor Analysis is the most commonly used statistical procedure, it identifies groups of items that _______ but tend not to _______ with other groups of items

A

Covary

Covary

108
Q

A statistical procedure for determining whether there is a relationship between two variables

A

Correlational Method

109
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Relative distance between current self descriptions and ideal self-descriptions

110
Q

What are Advantages to using O-Data?

A

Multiple sources of information (inter-rater reliability)

Provide access to information not attainable through other sources

111
Q
A
112
Q

The following are scores on the Big Five trait _______:

High scores: organized, reliable, neat, ambitious

Low scores: unreliable, lazy, careless, negligent, spontaneous

A

Conscientiousness

113
Q

Evocations are demonstrated when our _______ unintentionally _______ other people to act a certain way

A

Characteristics

Cause

114
Q

The Five-Factor Model is originally based on the combination of _______ and _______ approaches

A

Lexical

Statistical

115
Q

What are the Big Five?

A

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

116
Q

Increased self-control and delayed gratification predicted:

_______ SAT scores

Better able to _______ with frustration and _______

_______ educational attainment

Lower _______

Better life outcomes on other measures

A

Higher

Cope, Stress

Higher

BMI

117
Q

The Statistical Approach consists of having a large number of people _______ themselves then using a _______ procedure to identify groups or _______ of items

A

Rate

Statistical

Clusters

118
Q

Of the Big Five, what predicts Happiness?

A

High: Extraversion

Low: Neuroticism

119
Q

If a groups overall Extraversion level raises over time, this is an example of _______

A

Mean Level Change/Instability

120
Q

Temperament is individual _______ that emerge very early in life, are _______, and involve behaviors that are linked with _______ and _______

A

Differenes

Heritable

Emotionality and Arousability

121
Q

What are projective techniques for obtaining T-Data?

A

Person is presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what they see

Assumption that person projects personality onto ambiguous stimuli

122
Q

What is Generalizability?

A

Degree to which a measure retains validity across different contexts, including different groups of people and different conditions

123
Q

In the Lexical Approach, what are two criteria for identifying important traits?

A

Synonym Frequency - if an attribute has many trait adjectives to describe it than it is a more important dimension of individual difference

Cross-Cultural Universality - the more important an individual difference is, the more languages that will have a term for it

124
Q

Measures taken early in life can predict personality later in life, this predictability _______ over time

A

Decreases

125
Q

Findings of Temperament Stability Over Time - Stable Individual _______ emerge early in life and are noticable by _______

A

Differences

Observers

126
Q

What are the utilities of the Psychological Traits of Personality?

A
  • Describe* ourselves and others
  • Explain* Behaviors
  • Predict* future behaviors
127
Q

What is T-Data?

A

Information provided by standardized tests or testing situations

128
Q

Traits are thought to be internal because the individual carries their _______, _______, and _______ from one situation to another

A

Desires, needs, and wants

129
Q

The most important traits are those that guide:

A

Definitions of Individuals

Development of Measures

Research to understand and predict behaviors

130
Q

Which domain of knowledge is closely related to Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis?

A

Intrapsychic Domain

131
Q

What is an Advantage to using projective techniques for T-Data?

A

May provide useful means for gathering information about wishes, desires, fantasies, that a person is not aware of and couldn’t report

132
Q

Factor Analysis provides a means for determining which _______ variables have some _______ property

A

Personality

Common

133
Q

If people in a group maintain their position on a trait relative to others in the group over time, this is an example of _______

A

High Rank Order Stability

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