Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 2600 > Midterm I - Note Cards > Flashcards

Midterm I - Note Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What is Personality?

A

Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is Personality a set of Psychological Traits?

A

Personality is a set of general characteristics or average tendencies (ex. funny empathetic, kind)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the utilities of the Psychological Traits of Personality?

A
  • Describe ourselves and others
  • Explain behaviours
  • Predict future behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is personality a set of Psychological Mechanisms?

A

Personality acts as our information processing system.

Input > Decision Rules (IF, THEN) > Output

Example:

Extraversion

Input: Bus stop w/ people > IF: Group of people, THEN: Opportunity for socializing > Output: Initiate Conversations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is personality organized and relatively enduring?

A

Traits and Mechanisms are organized in a logical and consistent way - Not a random collection of thoughts, feelings, and urges

Traits are relatively enduring over time (While states are expereinces which don’t last long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does personality influence one’s interactions with the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments?

A

Personality impacts how we think, feel, and act/interact

Personality influences:

  • Perceptions or interpretations of the environment
  • Selection of situations we enter (friendships, classes, hobbies, etc.)
  • Evocation of feelings or responses in others
  • Manipulations, or ways we intentionally impact environment (conscientiousness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does personality infleunce our adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments?

A

Personality serves adaptive functions - accomplish goals, cope, adjust, respond to challenges

Behavior is goal directed, functional, and purposeful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is personality related to our intrapsychic, physical, and social environments?

A

Understanding a person’s environment is also key for understanding personality

Personality interacts with out environments, which in turn interacts with us

Each environment contributes to our reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the Three Levels of Personality?

A

In some ways, every human is….

Like all others (Human Nature)

Like some others (Group)

Like no others (Individual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of a theory?

A

Organize research findings to tell a coherent story

Used to make predictions

Provides a guide for future research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

Comprehensive

Guides future research

Testable

Avoids assumptions

Compatible with other areas of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In Personality Research, where is there a gap in the research?

A

A gap between grand theories of personality (human nature level of analysis) and contemporary research in personality (individual and group differences level of analysis)

We are lacking a unifying theory of personality!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge deal with ways in which individuals differ from one another?

A

Dispositional Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the goals of the Dispositional Domain of Knowledge?

A

To identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ from one another

The origin of individual differences and how these develop and change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge assumes that humans are collections of biological system and these system provide building blocks for behaviors, thoughts, and emotions?

A

Biological Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge deals with mental mechanisms of personality?

A

Intrapsychic Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge is closely related to Freud’s theory of pscyhoanalysis?

A

Intrapsychic Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge focuses on cognition and subjective expereince, such as conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others?

A

Cognitive-Experiential Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge assumes that personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social contexts?

A

Social and Cultural Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which Domain of Knowledge assumes that personality plays a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life, and that personality is linked with important health outcomes?

A

Adjustment Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are four ways we can study personality?

A

Self-Report Data (S-Data)

Observer-Report Data (O-Data)

Test-Data (T-Data)

Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is S-Data?

A

Self-Report Data

Person provides information about themselves through a survey, questionnaire or interview

Most commonly used in personality assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a 20 Statement Test and what type of data is it?

A

A form of self-report data where you fill out a statement about yourself (such as I am…) 20 times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some Advantages to using S-Data?

A

Access to thoughts, feelings, intentions

Simple and easy

Definitional truth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some Disadvantages to using S-Data?

A

May not respond honestly

Lack accurate self-knowledge

Potential overuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is O-Data?

A

Observer-Report Data

Information provided by someone else about another person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of observers can be used for O-Data?

A

Professional personality assessors - trained in personality assessment and observation

People who know the target person - better position to observe targets natural behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the Four Horsement that can be used to predict a relationship?

A

Stonewalling

Defensiveness

Criticism

Contempt:

(biggest predictor, means you’ve lost respect for them - mocking, making fun, mocking tone of voice, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are advantages to using O-Data?

A

Multiple sources of information (inter-rater reliability)

Provide access to information not attainable through other sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are disadvantages to using O-Data?

A

Lack access to privat experiences

Bias

Error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is T-Data?

A

Information provided by standardized tests or testing situations

Used to see if different people behave differently in identical situations

Situations are designed to elicit behaviors that serve as indicators of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How can T-Data use physiological data?

A

Using blood pressure, galvanic skin response, heart rate, brain functioning (fMRI, MRI, EEG, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages to using physiological T-Data?

A

Adv: Appearance of objectivity (can’t fake it)

Dis: Artificial setting and conditions - accuracy of recording dependent on participant perceiving situation as experimenter intended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are Projective Techniques for obtaining T-Data?

A

Person is presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what they see

Assumption that person projects personality onto ambiguous stimuli

Ex. Thematic Apperception Test and Rorshach Test (ink blots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages to using projective techniques to obtain T-Data?

A

Adv: May provide useful means for gathering information about wishes, desires, fantasies, that a person is not aware of and couldn’t report

Dis: Difficult to score, uncertain validity and reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is L-Data?

A

Information that can be gleaned from events, activities, and outcomes in a person’s life that is available for public scrutiny

Ex. speeding tickets, medical files, tax returns, hospital records, facebook, social media, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does posting a lot of pictures on Facebook say about your personality?

A

High ratings in narcissistic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is reliability?

A

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the main types of reliability?

A

Test-Retest Reliability - Degree to which results are consistent over time

Inter-Rater Reliability - Degree to which multiple observers are being consistent in their observations and scoring

Internal Consistency Reliability - The degree to which all the items on a test measure the same construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Validity?

A

Degree to which test measures what it claims to measure (accuracy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Face Validity?

A

Whether or not it appears to be a good measure of the construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is predictive or criterion validity?

A

The extent to which the test can predict the construct it is measuring or an outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

Does the measure correlate with other measures of the same construct?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is discriminant validity?

A

Does the test differ from other measures it should differ from?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Measures the theoretical construct - it is measuring what it is supposed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is Generalizability?

A

Degree to which a measure retains validity across different contexts, including different groups of people and different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is an Experimental Method?

A

A research design used to determine causality (whether one variable causes another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What the key requirements for a design to be experimental?

A

Manipulation of one or more variables

Ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other at start of study (random assignment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a Correlational Study?

A

A design which identifies what goes with what in nature

Correlational method: statistical procedure for determining whether there is a relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a Case Study?

A

In depth examination of the life of one person involving interviews, observations, archival research, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Advantages to a case study?

A

Personality in greater detail

Insights into personality to formulate a general theory to test on larger sample

In-depth knowledge about an outstanding figure

52
Q

Words that describe traits or attributes of a person that are characteristic of a person and perhaps enduring over time

A

Trait-Descriptive Adjecives

53
Q

What is a trait?

A

A consistent and stable characteristic

54
Q

What does ‘Traits as Internal Causal Properties’ suggest about traits?

A

Traits are internal properties of a person which cause behavior

Internal - individuals carry their desires, needs, and wants from one situation to another

Causal - explain behavior of individuals who possess them

55
Q

Traits as Internal Causal Properties believes that traits can lie ___________ even when behaviors are not expressed and they are ___________of behavior, ruling out other causes

A

Dormant

Causes

56
Q

What does ‘Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries’ suggest about traits?

A

Traits are just descriptive summaries of a person’s attributes, no assumptions about internality or causality

Traits are enduring aspects of a person’s behavior - behavior is not caused by traits but traits are a way to describe observable behavior

This allows for role of other causes

57
Q

The most important traits are those that should guide:

A

Definition of individuals

Development of measures

Research to understand and predict behavior

58
Q

What does the Lexical Hypothesis state?

A

All important individual differenes have been encoded within the natural language

59
Q

What is the main assumption of the Lexical Approach?

A

All traits that are listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people

60
Q

Trait adjective terms are important for people in…

A

Communicating with others about others

61
Q

Lexical Approach: Two Criteria for identifying important traits

A

Synonym Frequency - if an attribute has many trait adjectives to descrive it than it is a more important dimension of individual difference

Cross-Cultural Universaility - the more important an individual difference is the more languages that will have a term for it

62
Q

Limitations to using the Lexica Approach?

A

Many traits are ambiguous, obscure, or difficult

Personality is conveyed through different parts of speech, not just adjectives

So many traits are defined as important in this method and no scientific method for narrowing it down

63
Q

What does the Statistical Approach entail?

A

Startes with a pool of personality items (trait words, series of questions about behavior, experience, or emotion)

Consists of having a large number of people rate themselves then using a statistical procedure to identify groups or clusters of items

64
Q

What is the main goal of the Statistical Approach?

A

To identify major dimensions of personality

65
Q

What is Factor Analysis?

A

Most commonly used statistical procedure

Identifies groups of items that covary but tend not to covary with other groups of items

Provides a means for determining which personality variables have some common property

66
Q

What is Factor Loading?

A

Index of how much a favctor explains a variable in factor analysis (-1 to 1)

67
Q

What does the Theoretical Approach entail?

A

Starts with a theory, which determines which variables are important

Strength of the theory determine the strength of its ability to determine important traits

68
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality is strongly rooted in ______

A model of personality based on traits believed to be highly _______ with a likely _____________ foundation

A

Biology

Heritable

Psychophysiological

69
Q

What are the three main traits in Eysenck’s Hierarchical Personality Model?

A

Psychoticism

Extraversion - Introversion

Neuroticism - Emotional Stability

70
Q

What are the four levels of Eysencks Hierarchical Model of Personality?

A

Level One - Super-Traits

Level Two - Narrow Traits

Level Three - Habitual Responses

Level Four - Specific Acts

If enough specific acts are repeated frequently they become habitual Responses

71
Q

Extraversion Traits

A

Sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking, carefree, dominant, sugent, venturesome

Habitural Responses: partying, popularity, practical jokes, high activity level

72
Q

Neuroticism Traits

A

Anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense, irrational, shy, moody, emotional

Habitual Responses: worrying, anxiety, depression, insomnia, over-reactivity

73
Q

Psychoticism Traits

A

Aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unempathetic, creative, tough-minded

Habitual Responses: solitary, cruel, inhumane, insensitive to others pain, aggressive

74
Q

What are the Biological Underpinnings for the basic dimensions of Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality

A

High Heritability

Identifiable Physiological Substrates

E - Brain arousal/reactivity (Extroverts have low levels of cortical arousal and Introverts have high levels)

N - changeability of ANS (fight or flight)

P - high testosterone, low levels of MAO

75
Q

What did Cattell believe and what was his goal? (The 16 Personality Factor System)

A

Goal was to identify and measure the basic units of personality

Believed that the true factors of personality should be found across different types of data, such as self-reports and laboratory tests

76
Q

What were some practical applications of Catell’s 16 Personality Factor System?

A

Used to develop personality assessment tool - 16-PF

Used to create personality models in business applications, clinical settings, counseling, and research for predicting human behavior

77
Q

What are some major criticisms of Catell’s Taxonomy?

A

Some personality researchers have failed to replicated the 16 factors

Many argue that a smaller number of factors captures important ways in which individuals differ

78
Q

Wiggins Cicumplex started with the ______ approach

A

Lexical

79
Q

The Wiggins Cicumplex argues that trait items specify different kinds of ways in which individuals differ: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ______, ______

A

Interpersonal

Temperament

Character

Material

Attitude

Mental

Physical

80
Q

Wiggins Circumplex was most concerned with _______

A

Interpersonal traits

81
Q

Wiggins Cicumplex defined inerpersonal as ______________ between people involving __________

A

Interactions

Exchanges

82
Q

Wiggins Circumplex: Interpersonal events may be defined as dyadic interactions that have relatively clear cut social (_____) and emotional (____) consequences for both participants

A

Status

Love

83
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages to Wiggins Circumplex?

A

Adv: provides an explicit definition of what constitutes interpersonal behavior and specified relationships between each trait and every other trait in the model

Dis: Interpersonal map is limited to two dimensions, other traits may have important interpersonal consequences

84
Q

The Five-Factor model is originally based the combination of _______ and _______ approaches

A

Lexical

Statistical

85
Q

Which is the most supported taxonomy of personality traits?

A

Five-Factor Model

86
Q

What are the Big Five?

A

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extarversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

87
Q

High and Low scores for Openness…

A

High: creative, artistic, curious, imaginative, nonconforming

Low: convetional, down-to-earth, uncreative

88
Q

High and Low scores for Conscientiousness

A

High: organized, reliable, neat, ambitious

Low: Unreliable, lazy, careless, negligent, spontaneous

89
Q

High and Low scores for Extraversion

A

High: talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate

Low: Reserved, comfortable being alone, stays in background

90
Q

High and Low scores for Agreeablesness…

A

High: good-natured, trusting, helpful

Low: rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive

91
Q

High and Low scores for Neuroticism…

A

High: worrying, insecure, anxious, temperamental

Low: calm, secure, relaxed, stable

92
Q

Of the big five, what predicts higher educational attainment and earnings?

A

High: Openness, conscientiousness

Low: Neuroticism

93
Q

Of the big five, what predicts Happiness?

A

High: extraversion

Low: Neuroticism

94
Q

Of the big five, what predicts Forgiveness?

A

High: agreeabless

Low: Neuroticism

95
Q

Of the big five, what predicts Risky sexual behaviors?

A

High: extraversion and neuroticism

Low: conscientiousness and agreeableness

96
Q

Empirical Evidence for the five factor model…

A

Most support among the comprehensive taxonomies

Replicable in studies using english language trait words as items and using different item formats

Found by many researchers in different samples and languages

Replicated every decade over the past 50 years, suggesting replicable over time

97
Q

What is Personality Development?

A

Continuities, consistencies, and stabilities over time

and

The ways in which people change over time (must be enduring and internal)

98
Q

What is Rank Order Stability?

A

Maintenance of individual position within the group in spite of the developments of the group (where you stack relative to others)

99
Q

If people maintain their position on a trait relative to others over time, that trait is said to have…

A

High Rank Order Stability

100
Q

High Rank Order Instability happens when…

A

People change their rank order within the group over time for a certain trait

101
Q

What is Mean Level Stability?

A

Average level of the trait in the population (high, low) remains stable over time

Constancy of level in a particular group

102
Q

If a groups overall Extraversion level raises over time, this is an example of…

A

Mean Level Change/Instability

103
Q

If everyones ranked order of a trait stays the same but overall the level for the group as a whole rises, this represents…

A

High rank order stability

Mean level instability/change

104
Q

What is Personality Coherence?

A

Maintaining rank order for a trait relative to others but changing in the behavioral expressionor manifestation of the trait over time

The habitual acts may change but the trait is still the same

105
Q

A child who bullies other kids when he is younger but grows up to be involved in heated political debate is representing…

A

Personality Coherence and Rank Order Stability

106
Q

What is Population Level Analysis?

A

Changes or constancies that apply more or less to everyone

Ex. Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

107
Q

What is Group-Level Analysis?

A

Changes or constancies that affect groups differently

Ex. Gender differences, cultural differences

108
Q

What is Individual Difference Level of Analysis?

A

Changes or constancies that affect individuals differently

Can we make predictions about people based on personality traits?

109
Q

What is Temperament?

A

Individual differences that emerge very early in life, are heritable, and involve behaviors that re linked with emotionality or arousability

110
Q

Temperament Factors Include….

A

Activity Level

Smiling and Laughter

Fear

Distress to Limitations

Soothability

Duration of Orienting

111
Q

Temperament is assessed by ….

A

Caregivers

112
Q

Findings showed that children who scored _______ on any of the termperament factors at one point would score ________ at a later time period - this was more consistnt during later infancy (9-12 months) than earlier infancy (3-6 months)

A

High

High

113
Q

What are the four findings of the Temperament Study on Personality Stability over time?

A
  1. Stable individual differenes emerge early in life and are noticeable by observers
  2. There is moderate stability over time in the first year for most temperament variables
  3. Stability of temperament tends to be higher for short intervals of time than long intervals of time
  4. Level of stability tends to increase with age
114
Q

Measures taken early in life an predict personality later in life, the predictability ______ over time

A

Decreases

115
Q

What is Dolce Vita?

A

By the time we reach age 50 we will either have solved all the rpoblems of our life or just won’t are - either way you’ll be happier

After age 50 we care less what people think of us, we don’t go out of our way to be social just for the sake of it, and less open to new eperiences

More set in our ways

116
Q

Openness, extraversion, neuroticism ______ with age until 50

Agreeablenessa and Conscientiousness _____ with age until 50

A

Decline

Increase

117
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Relative distance between current self descriptions and ideal self descriptions

118
Q

Changes seen in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood…

A

No change at population level

Differences at group level: Females tends to decrease and males tends to increase

119
Q

Patters in Sensation Seeking?

A

Increase with age from childhood to adolescence

Peaks in late adolescence, around ages 18-20

Falls more or less continously with age after the 20s

120
Q

What are Cohort Effects?

A

Changes over time that are attributable to living in different time periods rather than to ‘true’ change

Ex. changes in social norms and gender roles affected woman’s scores in assertiveness throughout the 90’s

121
Q

Increased self-control and delayed gratification predicted:

A

Higher SAT scores

Better able to cope with frustration and stress

Higher educational attainment

Lower BMI

Better life outcomes on other measures

122
Q

Adult outcomes of children with temper tantrums…

A

Men, who as children, had frequent and severe temper trantrums achieved lower levels of education, lower occupational status at their first job, changed jobs frequently, and had erratic work patterns

123
Q

What three aspects of personality strongly precit marital disstisfaction and divorce?

A

Husbands Neuroticism

Husbands Impulsivity

Wife’s Neuroticism

124
Q

What are predictors of health and longevity?

A

High: conscientiousness, extraversion

Low: hostility, neuroticism

125
Q

If you marry someone similar to you, do you tend to remain more stable over time than if you marry someone who is different than you?

A

People married to a spouse similar to themselves showed most personality stability

People married to a spouse least similar to themselves showed most personality change

Seleciton of spouse is potential source of personality stability and change

PSYC 2600 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions