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Biochem > Midterm exam STUDY > Flashcards

Midterm exam STUDY Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the 4 “Cyclic” steps to a good scientific investigation? Which “step” starts the cycle?
A

Observe, Investigate, Explain, Share. Observation starts the all scientific investigations by making careful observations

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2
Q
  1. How does science differ from other disciplines & ways of knowing?
A

Science differs from other ways of knowing by relying on absolute facts. It does not rely on luck, chance, guesses, or just observations

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3
Q
  1. How does qualitative data differ from quantitative data? Which is better & why?
A

Qualitative data is based off of characteristics such as sex and color. quantitative data relies on numbers and measurements. Quantitative data is usually better suited for comparison

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4
Q
  1. What is a hypothesis? How should it be stated? What are they based on?
A

A hypothesis is an educated guess, written as an If, then statement, which can be tested. Good hypothesizes are based off of prior knowledge

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5
Q
  1. Why is the “SHARE” part of the scientific process so important?
A

So others can become educated, so other can reproduce the results and verify, and it may help others

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6
Q
  1. How do Independent variables differ from Dependent variables?
A

An independent variable is what is changed or made different on purpose. It is why the experiment is being conducted in the first place.
A Dependent variable is the outcome, or what is changed by the Independent variable, and the result of the experiment

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7
Q

How are scientific theories different from everyday theories? How can they be changed?

A

Scientific theories are well tested explanations, proven so many times, they are considered correct. However they are not absolutely true and can change over time as the theory may be revised or replaced as new evidence is found.

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8
Q
  1. How & When can a hypothesis turn into a theory?
A

When a hypothesis is supported by years of evidence, has not been disproven, and accepted by the scientific community, it becomes a theory.

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9
Q
  1. What is a “Controlled” experiment?
A

A controlled experiment is one where only one variable is changed at a time. This reduces the chance of error

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10
Q
  1. Bacteria cells can split in half to make more bacteria. Which characteristic of life does this represent?
A

The ability to reproduce

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11
Q
  1. A drop of blood under a microscope looks like thousands of small, circular units. Which characteristic of life does this represent?
A

Made of cells

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12
Q
  1. A 7-pound baby will be a 140-pound adult. What characteristic of life does this represent?
A

Grow and develop

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13
Q
  1. The average person’s body temperature is around 98.6⁰F at all times in order to sustain life. What is the term for how an organism’s body can maintain the ideal conditions for life?
A

Homeostasis

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14
Q
  1. What is the independent variable for the experiment above?
A

Music

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15
Q
  1. What is the dependent variable for the experiment above?
A

Test grades

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16
Q
  1. What was the control group for the experiment above?
A

No music

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17
Q
  1. What would be a constant for the experiment above?
A

Teacher, students, test, how often they listened to music

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18
Q
  1. What would be an appropriate hypothesis for the experiment above?
A

If students listen to music, then their test scores will increase

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19
Q
  1. What would be the best conclusion for the experiment above?
A

Listening to techno music is the best choice to increase test scores

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20
Q
  1. How should the data from this experiment be graphed? Line Graph or Bar Graph…Explain!
A

The best graph would be a bar graph, reason why, because you are comparing results, not showing a relationship over time

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21
Q

What molecule forms the bulk of a cell membrane? What is it about these molecules that help to hold the membrane together?

A

The phospholipid is the molecule that makes up the bulk of the cell membrane. These molecules are special because they are both polar and non-polar. They hold each other together, but selectively allow certain elements and molecules to diffuse across them

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22
Q

What are the important roles or functions of the cell membrane VERSUS the cell wall?

A

The cell membrane allows for the passing of certain materials.
The cell wall is used for support and protection

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23
Q

How are active and passive transport through a membrane different? Give examples for each!

A

Active transport is what your cells do when they move ions against the concentration gradient and requires energy
Passive transport is when ions go from high to low concentration in order to be balanced, and this requires no energy.

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24
Q

What is the best definition for osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a cell membrane

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25
Q

The smell of stink bomb in the halls is an example of which form of substance transport?

A

Diffusion

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26
Q

What happens when you sprinkle salt on a slug? (Similar to drinking salt water). Explain! Tonicity???

A

The salt will shrivel. This is because the salt is hypertonic. The concentration of the salt will draw the water inside the slug out.

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27
Q

What happens once a cell reaches “equilibrium” with its surroundings?

A

Molecules and their concentrations will move across the membrane in both directions equally

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28
Q

What is the outer-most boundary of a plant cell? Animal cell?

A

Plant cell is the cell wall

Animal cell is the cell membrane

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29
Q

How are plant and animal cells similar?

A

Plant and animal cells are both similar because they both have a nucleus for storing genetic material

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30
Q

How are plant and animal cells different?

A

Plant cells are different because they contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and produce their own food
Animal cells do not have cell walls, and must get their energy from another source

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31
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

All cells have a cell membrane, a cytoplasm, and genetic material

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32
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell?

A

An example of a prokaryotic cell would be a bacteria (does not contain a nucleus)
An example of a Eukaryotic cell would be a plant or animal (contains a nucleus)

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33
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?

A

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain genetic material, a cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

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34
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?

A

Only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, prokaryotic cells have a nucleuoid region
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic do not
Eukaryotic cells are the building blocks for multicellular organisms, Prokaryotic are not and exist as is.

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35
Q

As it relates to material transport, why must cells stay microscopic in size?

A

If cells got too large, they would not be able to carry out the functions necessary to do theier job.

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36
Q

How do the cells within a multicellular organisms differ from that of a unicellular organism?

A

Cells in a multicellular organism are specialized, unlike that of a unicellular organism. For example, your body has muscle cells for momement, and skin cells for protection. A muscle cell cannot do the work of a skin cells

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37
Q

How are organelles similar to organs in your body?

A

Each one has a specialized function, just like the organs in your body.

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38
Q

Cell Membrane

A

It regulates which materials enter and exit the cell

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39
Q

Cell Wall

A

It supports and protects the cell

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40
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins

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41
Q

Chloroplast

A

responsible for photosynthesis

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy maker, converts glucose to ATP

43
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic material

44
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores food or excess fluid

45
Q 
which of the following that are made of cells? 
Glucose  
table 
grass
water
virus 
oxygen 
tree
insect
A 
o	Glucose  - made of elements 
o	table – is not living 
*	grass
o	water – made of elements 
o	virus – does not meet the criteria for life 
o	oxygen – just an element 
*	tree
*insect
46
Q

Which organelles are involved in providing energy for life?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

47
Q

Why doesn’t the mass of a “closed” system terrarium change as the plants grow, (hint: VanHelmont)?

A

Plants do both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In a closed system, the plant is able to both produce and use the energy it creates.

48
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotroph-an organism that can make their own food

Heterotroph – an organism that cannot make its own food and must obtain energy from the foods it eats

49
Q

Give several examples of autotrophs & heterotrophs!

A

Autotroph – plants, photosynthetic bacteria, trees

Heterotroph – animals

50
Q

What chemical process takes place within a chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

51
Q

What is the driving source of energy for photosynthesis? (a.k.a. original source of energy)

A

The sun (radiant energy)

52
Q

Where does the energy go during photosynthesis?

A

Energy gets stored into the glucose molecule the plant produces

53
Q

What key molecules (reactants) are needed for a producer to do photosynthesis?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight

54
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose, and oxygen

55
Q

How does photosynthesis affect Co2 & O2 levels in the environment?

A

Photosynthesis reduces carbon dioxide and increases oxygen

56
Q

What factors can affect the RATE (or speed) of photosynthesis? Explain!

A

Amount of water
Temperature
Amount of light

57
Q

How do organisms access the energy from the food they eat (or make)?

A

Autotrophs produce it themselves

Heterotrophs must consume the food they need

58
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

The mitochondria

59
Q

Which types of cells contain mitochondria?

A

All Eukaryotic cells (plants and animals)

60
Q

Mitochondria have been called the “powerhouse” of cells. What is the “POWER” it makes???

A

They make ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate

61
Q

ATP is like a rechargeable battery. How is energy STORED in ATP? How is every RELEASED from ATP?

A

Energy is stored through the many chemical bonds it forms. It is released when those bonds are broken.

62
Q

What key molecules (reactants) are needed for a cell to do cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

63
Q

What waste products are released at the end of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

64
Q

How does cellular respiration affect the levels of CO2 & O2 in the environment?

A

Cellular respiration increases carbon dioxide and decreases oxygen

65
Q

What is the key product of cellular respiration?

A

ATP – the energy molecule all living things use to do work

66
Q

How are photosynthesis & cellular respiration LINKED or related to one another?

A

The reactants for one, are the products of the other. It is a cycle

67
Q

Starting with sunlight; what is the complete flow of energy through an ecosystem?

A

Sunlight → Plant (autotroph) → Chloroplast (photosyntheisis) → production of glucose and oxygen → heterotroph → uses glucose to make ATP, Carbon dioxide and water → energy of ATP is used

68
Q

Show how MATTER is recycled between photosynthesis & cellular respiration!

A

Matter is recycled because of the flow of reactants and products. In this case you need to know the balanced equations for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

69
Q

What is the difference between ORGANIC and inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds contain the element Carbon

70
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds for life?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

71
Q

What are the basic “monomer” building blocks to each class of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates → monosaccharide, Proteins → Amino Acids, Lipids → Glycerides (fatty acids)

72
Q

Where is all the ENERGY found in an organic compound? How is that energy released?

A

All energy is found in the bonds of an organic compound. It is released by the breaking of the bonds

73
Q

How do heterotrophs (consumers) attain energy for all life processes?

A

They must consume macromolecules, which are then broken down into monomers for energy.

74
Q

Which class of organic macromolecules contains the MOST potential energy? How (why)?

A

Lipids have the most potential energy because they contain the most bonds

75
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? Give examples for each!

A

Simple carbohydates (like glucose) are single molecules and are very simple. Complex carbohydrates (like pasta, potatoes, and starches) are long chains of monomers and must broken down itno monomers for our body to use them.

76
Q

What are the primary functions (or uses) for each class of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates – energy source
Proteins – grow, repair, develop muscels, skin, hair, and nails
Lipid – storage of energy

77
Q

What are some good FOOD sources for each class of macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates – fruits
Proteins – fish
Lipid – nuts

78
Q

what ribosomes make

A

protein

79
Q

3rd stage: chromosomes separate

A

Anaphase

80
Q

osmosis is a form of passive _____

A

transport

81
Q

organelle found only in plant cells

A

Chloroplast

82
Q

Dense center portion of nucleus

A

Nucleolus

83
Q

jellylike matrix for organelles

A

Cytoplasm

84
Q

Material of which chromosomes are made; condenses during prophase

A

Chromatin

85
Q

Forms vesicles; the ______ complex

A

Golgi

86
Q

The nuclear membrane is ______ allowing materials to pass through

A

Permeable

87
Q

Storage/transport sacks on a cell

A

Vacuole

88
Q

Organelle which produces protein

A

Ribosomes

89
Q

Sack filled with enzymes; breaks down foreign substances

A

Lysosomes

90
Q

Process of cell division

A

Mitosis

91
Q

A plant pigment that absorbs sunlight

A

Chlorophyll

92
Q

The links between the energy that carnivores get from eating to the energy captured by photosynthesis

A

Food Chain

93
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs every color except this

A

Green

94
Q

A compound needed for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide

95
Q

The product of photosynthesis

A

Sugar

96
Q

The process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar

A

Photosynthesis

97
Q

Part of the plant where photosynthesis generally occurs

A

Leaves

98
Q

ANOTHER compound needed for photosynthesis

A

Water

99
Q

An animal that eats plants

A

Herbivore

100
Q

A By-product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

101
Q

of molecules of oxygen produced along with one molecule sugar

A

Six

Biochem (6 decks)

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