Midterm Exam Flashcards
insulin
regulates glucose sugar in blood
pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
glucagon
secreted when blood levels drop; promotes breakdown of glycogen stores to release glucose
-more active in fasting state
cholecytokinin (CCK)
released when fat enters small intestines; prompts gallbladder to release bile into small intestines
-more active in fed state
leptin
feeling of fullness; amount of leptin correlates to amount of body fat; produced in adipose
-more active in fed state
gherlin
hormone that induces hunger; produced in stomach cells
-more active in fasting state
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose concentrations
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose concentrations
fasting plasma glucose
measures amount of glucose in ones plasma in a fasting state
A1C
test that measures percentage of hemoglobin that has glucose attached
proteins (where)
muscles, blood, skin, ligaments, tendons, antibodies
protein (composition)
C,H,O,N; amino and an acid group
denaturation
change in shape=loss in function; essential for digestion
glycogen
storage form of glucose
dietary reference intakes
guide to macronutrients
macronutrients % recommended per day
carbs: 45-65%
protein: 10-35%
fats: 20-35%
carb- monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
carb- disaccaride
lactose, maltose, sucrose
carb digestion
amylase- mouth
small intestine- digestion starts for most carbs
how does glucose get into the cell
glucose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, but cannot enter the cell’s without the help of insulin
protein digestion
protein absorption
primarily occurs in the stomach with enzyme pepsin
absorption: small intestine
pepsin
inactive form: pepsinogen
active form: pepsin
protease
breaks down peptide bonds
protein absorption
stomach, small intestines, blood stream and liver
3 main fat types
phospholipids, triglycerides, sterols
emulsification
disperses hydrophobic substances in aqueous solutions
saturation
refers to the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon
long chain fatty acids
12-24 carbons
meat, vegetable oils
medium chain fatty acids
6-10 carbons
butter, coconut oil, palm oil
short chain fatty acids
fewer than 6
butter
lipase
breaks down fats pancreatic and intestinal
kcal vs. cal
1kcal= 1000cal
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
amount of energy needed to carry out basic metabolic functions; amount of energy used at rest
calorimetry
measurement of heat energy liberated or absorbed in metabolic processes; malnutrition critical illness
indirect calorimetry
measures BMR
Mifflin st. Jeor
determines resting metabolic rate
Harris Benedict
determines BMR
hamwi equation
ideal body weight
visceral
surrounding organs
android
apple shape
appendicular
pear shape
which body types are at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome
android and visceral