Midterm Chapter 13 Review Part 2 Flashcards
sex hormone that is produced in females, first by the corpus luteum and the ovary to prepare the uterus for fertilization, and later by the placenta to maintain pregnancy
Progesterone
An infection that is transmitted only or mainly by sexual contact.
STI
the production of multiple eggs as a result of hormone treatment. Women
who ovulate rarely or not at all may receive treatment with hormones that stimulate follicle development and ovulation
Superovulation
A cluster of cells. Has both an outer and inner layer of cells and it is the inner layer, called the inner cell mass that is rich in stem cells. The cells in the inner cell mass are isolated and then utilised to create embryonic stem cell lines, which are infused into the patient where they are ideally integrated into the tissues, imparting structure and function as needed.
Blastocyst
a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg. It’s the early stage of an embryo. It is one step among many that lead to a pregnancy. It forms about five to six days after a sperm fertilizes an egg. Layers of cells in this divide and separate.
Blastocyst
During gastrulation the cells become arranged into distinctive layers.
These are formed by mitotic division and migration. By the end of the gastrulation the embryo has three of these layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Germ layers
an early stage of development in vertebrate embryos when the nervous system begins to form.
(vertebrate embryo in an early stage where the nervous system begins to develop)
Neurula
forms the foundation for the umbilical cord. During the second month, most of the ——— degenerates. The remainder becomes part of the
urinary bladder.
(a sac-like membrane that helps embryos exchange gases and dispose of waste {google})
Allantois
a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body.
Ultrasound
the process of producing and releasing milk from the mammary glands in your breasts. It occurs naturally after pregnancy and in response to an infant sucking at the nipple.
Lactation
The testes are composed of long, coiled tubes, that can produce more than 100 million sperm each day, as well as hormone-secreting cells, called interstitial cells, that lie between these tubules.
seminiferous tubules
produce a mucus-like fluid that contains the sugar fructose, which
provides energy for the sperm.
seminal vesicle
a tube that allows urine to pass out of the body. It’s part of the urinary system and connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
Urethra
Thread-like projections continually sweep over the ovary. When an ovum is released, it is swept by these into a cilia-lined tube about 10 cm long
called an oviduct.
(finger-like projections on the ends of your fallopian tubes closest to your ovaries. Each month, these catch the egg that one of your ovaries releases during ovulation. They then sweep the egg (ovum) into the fallopian tube where the egg can be fertilized.)
fimbriae
At its base, the uterus forms a narrow opening. It then, in turn, connects to the vagina. (the lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system. It’s a muscular tube with a central canal that helps with menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth.)
cervix
Most men experience a gradual decline in their testosterone level beginning around age 40.
The gradual decline in testosterone levels and testicular function that occurs in men as they age.
Andropause
steroid hormone produced in the testes that is responsible for
secondary sex characteristics in males, such as:
- Enlargement of primary sex characteristics
- Enlargement of larynx (Adam’s apple)
- inhibiting fat storage and increasing muscle development
- Formation of hair on chest, arms, face, genitals
High levels of this in the blood inhibits the production of LH. This feedback loop keeps the testosterone level relatively constant in the body.
testosterone
Female reproductive function follows a cyclical pattern. During each month, the endometrium thickens as it prepares to receive a zygote. The zygote implants itself in the endometrium, and development of the embryo begins. If the egg is not
fertilized, it does not implant in the endometrium. The endometrium disintegrates, and its tissues and blood flow out the vagina in a process known as menstruation.
Menstrual Cycle
offers a solution for women with blocked oviducts. Today, ultrasound machines are used to identify specific follicles that are close to ovulation. Stimulation of the ovaries brings a woman’s eggs to maturity and these eggs can be retrieved directly from these follicles. The eggs are combined with sperm in laboratory glassware and fertilization, the developing embryo is placed in the uterus.
Invitrofertilzation
First stage of development where sperm and egg interact. The resulting single cell, the first cell of a new life is called a zygote
* Only one sperm can fertilize the egg since its releases an enzyme which digests the jelly
coating around the egg and stimulates the egg to develop an impenetrable coat.
* When the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus this is complete.
Fertilization
The process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining and begins to develop into a placenta. It’s the first stage of pregnancy.
Occurs at the end of the first week when the embryo attaches to the
endometrium.
Implantation
the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)
Ectoderm
In most pregnant mammals, a blood-vessel rich organ that develops inside the uterus to supply food and oxygen to the fetus through the umbilical cord. In this, chorionic villi that extend from the embryo are in contact with pools of blood from the mother. Nutrients and oxygen pass by diffusion from the maternal blood to the embryo, and wastes diffuse in the
opposite direction.
Placenta
the outermost membrane. It encloses all the other extra-embryonic membranes, as well as the embryo. It forms the fetal portion of the placenta.
Chorion
a prenatal procedure that involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid to test for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus
* As fetus moves inside amniotic sac some of its cells are sloughed off and become suspended in amniotic fluid.
* A sample of this will give enough cells so that a karyotype which can be used to check chromosomes for number (trisomy 21)
* Cannot be done before the 14th week of pregnancy due to possible injury to the fetus.
* Sample is taken with a long thin needle after the position of the baby is determined by ultrasound.
* Sample of fluid is extracted , placed in a nutrient rich solution and allowed to multiply until there are enough fetal cells to get a good picture of all the chromosomes and create a karyotype
Amniocentesis
a cell that can differentiate into many different cell types. These cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated cells. This means that they have not yet begun to develop into red blood cells, muscle cells, or any other of the 200 or so cell types that make up the human body. These cells have two important features:
* First, they can replicate (make copies of themselves) for a long time by dividing.
* Second, under suitable laboratory conditions, these cells can be coaxed to give rise to cells with special functions, such as heart muscle cells and neurons (nerve cells).
Stem cells
