Midterm Chapter 13 Review Flashcards
(testes and ovaries) are the organs that produce reproductive cells. They also produce sex hormones. It is the primary reproductive gland that produces reproductive cells (gametes)
Gonad
A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles (the male sex glands that produce sperm). Sperm cells (male reproductive cells) move from the testicles into this, where they finish maturing and are stored.
epididymis
secretes a milky fluid that increases the pH in the female reproductive tract, providing an environment best suited for sperm.
A gland in the male reproductive system. It surrounds the part of the urethra (the tube that empties the bladder) just below the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of the semen.
prostate gland
contains specialized cell structures called follicles.
One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made.
Ovary
a tube-shaped organ that carries eggs from the ovary to the uterus. It’s also known as the fallopian tube.
Oviduct
It serves as an entrance for the erect penis to deposit sperm during sexual intercourse. It also serves as an exit for the fetus during childbirth.
vagina
a hormone that controls reproduction in both males and females. It’s produced in the hypothalamus and released into the pituitary gland, which then produces other hormones that regulate sexual development.
- acts on the anterior pituitary gland, causing it to release two different
sex hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
GnRH
Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
hormone that acts on the hypothalamus to slow down the production of release factors that trigger FSH secretion. It acts on the anterior pituitary to inhibit
the production of FSH. The result is a negative feedback loop. As the level of FSH drops, the testes release less of this. A decrease in the level of this causes the anterior pituitary to release more FSH. This feedback loop keeps the level of sperm production
relatively constant over time.
Inhibin
used to describe men and women who are unable to have any children.
Sterile
Sperm are collected and concentrated before being placed in the woman’s vagina. In some cases, the sperm are donated by the woman’s male partner. In other cases, sperm banks are a
source of sperm.
Artificial Insemination
a cell that results from the fertilization of an egg and sperm. It is the first diploid cell of a developing organism and contains all the genetic information needed to form that organism.
During the first stage of development where sperm and egg interact, the resulting single cell, the first cell
of a new life is called this.
Zygote
a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It’s essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.
HCG
it maintains the corpus luteum past the time when it would otherwise
degenerate and prevents the corpus luteum from disintegrating. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone for three weeks to maintain the endometrium and prevent menstruation.
HCG
a temporary gland in the ovary that produces progesterone, a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy. It’s a vital part of the menstrual cycle and fertility.
corpus luteum
the middle of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source especially of bone, muscle, connective tissue, and dermis.
Mesoderm
the middle layer of cells in an embryo that develops into many of the body’s tissues and organs. It’s one of three primary germ layers, along with the ectoderm and endoderm.
Mesoderm
a transparent sac that develops from cells of the embryonic disk. It grows to enclose the embryo completely. It is penetrated only by the umbilical cord.
It then becomes filled with fluid (amniotic fluid), which protects the embryo from trauma and temperature fluctuations, allows freedom of movement, and prevents limbs from sticking to the body.
Amnion
a tube that connects a fetus to the placenta, providing oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste.
(a bundle of blood vessels that develops during the early stages of embryological development. It is enclosed inside a tubular sheath of amnion and consists of two paired umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.)
umbilical cord
- This may occur after the 9th week and cells can be removed from the
chorion. - Chorion surrounds amniotic sac and is one of the tissues which makes up the placenta,
which Connects mother’s blood with fetal blood. - Chorion is made of fetal cells and also contains genetic information about the fetus.
- Removed cells are grown in a special medium and a karyotype allows a diagnosis to be
made
Chorionic Villi Sampling
a prenatal test. It’s used to test for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic problems. During the test, a tissue sample is taken from the placenta and sent to a lab for analysis.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
One of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testicle.
Testis
thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis, where the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation. (It temporarily stores sperm transported from the epididymis, where sperm are primarily stored, until ejaculation occurs)
Ductus Deferens
secrete a clear mucus fluid that aids in
lubrication and neutralizes the acidity of any urine in the urethra. (also known as bulbourethral glands)
Cowper’s gland
A sac or pouch-like cavity formed by a group of cells. In the ovaries, one of these contains one egg.
Follicle
a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg.
Follicle
a muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus. It is normally about the size and shape of a pear, but it expands to many times its size as the fetus develops. The lining of this, called the endometrium, is richly supplied with blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus. At its base, it forms a narrow opening called the
cervix. The cervix, in turn, connects to the vagina.
Uterus
The hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis. This is where a fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Also called womb.
Uterus
the monthly shedding of the uterine lining that occurs when a woman is not pregnant. It’s part of the menstrual cycle, which prepares the body for pregnancy. (The endometrium disintegrates, and its
tissues and blood flow out the vagina in a process known as this.)
Menstruation
a series of changes your body goes through each month to prepare for possible pregnancy. The four phases of this are menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.
Menstrual Cycle
in females, it is responsible for the follicles developing into eggs and secreting estrogen
FSH
A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make the follicles and eggs grow. In males, it acts on the testes to make sperm.
FSH
produced by the follicles; responsible for the thickening of the endometrium
and keeps FSH secretions down (to prevent further follicles from developing)
Estrogen
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
Secretion
Men and women who have difficulty conceiving children are described as this.
Infertile
Sometimes, an infertile couple contracts another woman to carry a baby for them.
The woman who carries the baby is called this.
Surrogate
After fertilization the zygote continues toward the uterus. It undergoes cell division but its overall size does not change. This is called ——- (cell division without cell growth)
Cleavage
the process of cell division that occurs after fertilization to form a multicellular embryo.
Cleavage
an early developmental process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells, a blastula, and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula.
In the blastocyst stage the cells of the inner cell mass are similar but in the second week they begin to specialize. This is called ——-.
Gastrulation
the innermost germ layer that forms the linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and their associated organs, during embryonic development.
Endoderm
a small sac that is suspended from the abdominal area of the embryo. It contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and the future egg or
sperm cells. Unlike this in many other vertebrates, this in humans serves no nutritive function.
Yolk Egg
any agent that causes a structural abnormality due to fetal exposure during pregnancy.
Teratogen
a sac (or pouch) of skin that contains and protects the testicles in males. It regulates the temperature of the testes.
Scrotum
the male organ for sexual intercourse. Its primary reproductive function is to
transfer sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract.
Penis
a fluid that is discharged from the male reproductive tract, and it contains sperm cells that may fertilise the eggs of a female.
The combination of sperm cells and fluids is called this.
Semen
the release of an egg from an ovary, which occurs during the menstrual cycle. It’s a key part of a woman’s reproductive system and fertility.
(marks the end of the follicular stage and the beginning of the second stage.
* Egg is released by a follicle due to the release of LH.
* Follicle changes to become corpus luteum)
Ovulation
body that develops from a follicle that has been emptied of its egg; produces
progesterone
Corpus luteum
The lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus. (the lining of the uterus, and the placenta is the organ that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.)
endometrium
The number of functioning follicles in the female reproductive system decreases with age. This, in turn, leads to a gradual overall decline in the amount of estrogen and progesterone in the blood. As hormone levels drop, a woman’s menstrual cycle becomes irregular. Within a few years, it stops altogether. The end of the menstrual cycle. Among North American women, the average age this occurs is approximately 50, but it can begin earlier or later.
Menopause
produced by the anterior pituitary; it stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
a hormone that helps control sexual development and reproduction. It’s produced in the pituitary gland, a small structure in the brain. n females
it causes the ovaries to release eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone. It also helps prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. In males it causes the testes to produce testosterone, which is important for sperm production.
LH
