Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human growth and development > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Non-normative life influences

A

unique experiences that may shape our development. A child who
loses his/her parent at a young age has experienced a life event that is not typical of
the age group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normative history-graded

influences

A

The time period in
which you are born
shapes your experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A cohort is

A 
a group of people who are born
at roughly the same period in a
particular society. (gen x, millennial) These people
travel through life often
experiencing similar circumstances.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

• Normative age-graded influences

A

An age-grade is a specific age group, such as
toddler, adolescent, or senior. Humans in a specific age-grade share particular
experiences and developmental changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lifespan

A

lifelong from birth to death. how long a species can live.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lifespan development

A

is lifelong, multidirectional, miltidimensional, plastic (ability to change), multicontextual (shared experience and shared age groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Development is multidirectional

A

Humans change in many directions. We may show gains in
some areas of development, while showing losses in other areas. Every change, whether it is
finishing high school, getting married, or becoming a parent, entails both growth and loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Development is multidimensional

A

l. We change across three general domains/dimensions;
physical(height and weight), cognitive(intelligence, thinking, memory), and psychosocial(emotion, self perception, personal relationships).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

life expectancy

A

predicted number of years a species will live.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chronological age

A

your age in number of years- birth date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

biological age

A

how your body is aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

psychological age

A

cognitive and emotional compacity. you are as old as you feel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

social age

A

societal norms. what your culture expects of you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preformationism theory of development

A

Children were believed to
possess all their sensory capabilities, emotions, and mental
aptitude at birth, and as they developed these abilities unfolded
on a predetermined schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Locke (tabula rasa or

blank slate)

A

tabula rasa or blank slate. Influenced by our environment. early life is very important.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rousseau’s theory on development

A

children are not adults. children should think freely and develop naturally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Freud’s theory of development

A

emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our personality and behavior. sex/agression, unconscious knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

A

presents eight developmental stages that encompass the entire lifespan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 1. Trust vs Mistrust

A

child develops trust through care takers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 2. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

A

child develops sense of free will (autonomy) criticize a child and they may develop a sense of shame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 3. initiative vs guilt

A

child becomes independent and explores their world. if child is told they aren’t good enough they will experience guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 4. Industry vs Inferiority

A

children learn to do things well from others stands, example: school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial stages, 5. Identity vs Role Confusion

A

The adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages, 6. Intimacy vs Isolation

A

The person develops the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Erickson's Psychosocial Stages, 7. Generativity vs Stagnation
The person develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
26
Erickson's Pschosocial Stages, 8. Ego integrity vs despair
person develops acceptance about how one has lived.
27
Sequential Research
sequential research features participants who are followed over time. Combination of Longitudinal and Cross Sectional
28
Longitudinal Research
studying a group of people that are the same age over time
29
Cross Sectional Research
How something affects people of different ages at the same time.
30
process of fertilization
ovulation occurs, sperm travels through the fallopian tube penetrates egg and makes a zygote, fertilization occurs
31
Teratogens
environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol.
32
used teratogens during pregnancy are
alcohol (most common), Tobacco, Prescription/Over-the-counter Drugs, Illicit Drugs, Pollutants, Toxoplasmosis (parasites), Sexually Transmitted Diseases
33
1st stage of pregnancy: germinal
(about 14 days in length) lasts from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus. this stage has to occur
34
2nd stage of pregnancy: embryonic
weeks 3-8, growth occurs from head to toe and midline outward. major organs are constructed.
35
3rd stage of pregnancy: Fetal
week 9-birth. the longest stage. genitalia develops (3 months) sensitivity to light and hearing (4-6 months) reflexes - sleep cycles (5 months) pain perception (6 months) weight gain and preparing for birth (7-9 months_
36
first stage of labor
first stage is longest, During this stage the cervix or opening to the uterus dilates to 10 centimeters or just under 4 inches. This may take around 12-16 hours for first children or about 6-9 hours for women who have previously given birth. Labor may also begin with a discharge of blood or amniotic fluid.
37
second stage of labor
birth- less than an hour. passage of baby through birth canal.
38
third stage of labor
quickest stage. expulsion of the placenta. this should happen on its own.
39
ultrasound
a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus
40
Transvaginal ultrasounds
are used in early pregnancy
41
transabdominal ultrasounds
are more common and used after 10 weeks of pregnancy (typically, 16 to 20 weeks).
42
Amniocentesis
is a procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested
43
Chorionic Villus Sampling
is a procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested
44
chromosomal abnormalities
occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes. Spontaneous abortion, Down syndrome , sex-linked chromosomal abnormality, turner syndrome, klinefelter syndrome.
45
genetic abnormalities
Sickle Cell Disease, Recessive Disorders, Albinism, Huntington’s Disease, Tourette Syndrome
46
Huntington’s Disease
is a condition that affects the individual’s nervous system. Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate. The disease affects movement, behavior and cognition. It is fatal, and occurs at midlife.
47
dendrites
short and bushy, they receive and take information.
48
axons
long- can extend several feet in the body, good for passing information
49
myelin
fatty coating around the axon. myelin is insulation for the axons. The more myelin you have the better you think and see.
50
frontal lobe
cognitive functioning
51
parietal lobe
ability to process sensation
52
occipital lobe
center for vision
53
temporal lobes
ability to hear
54
assimilating
adding to what you know
55
accomodation
no preexisting structure. you change your schemas to accommodate new information.
56
gross motor skills
larger movements such as controlling your head, running, and jumping
57
fine motor skills
focuses on muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes. small actions such as grasping toys, pencils, and spoons.
58
Review sleep trends and concerns
Accidental Suffocation and Strangulation in Bed - caused by soft bedding, rolling on the baby while sleeping, the babies head getting caught in the railing of the crib. SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
59
infant reflexes
sucking, rooting (turning the head when the cheek is touched), grasping, babinski, Moro, tonic neck, stepping
60
senses
vision (womb is dark so vision is poorly developed at birth.)Hearing keen at birth. babies recognize voices heard in the womb. babies love their mothers voice. touch and pain- very sensitive, taste and smell- babies can tell the difference in tastes- newborns prefer the smell of their mothers.
61
freuds attachment theory
infants are oral creatures who obtain pleasure from sucking and mouthing objects. Freud believed the infant will become attached to a person or object that provides this pleasure.
62
Bowlby’s attachment Theory
. An infant must form this bond with a primary | caregiver in order to have normal social and emotional development
63
Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust attachment theory
the | most important goal of infancy was the development of a basic sense of trust in one’s caregivers.
64
easy childs temperament
adapts quickly
65
difficult childs temperament
trouble adapting
66
slow to warm up childs temperament
adjusts slowly
67
plasticity
brains ability to change both physically and chemically to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury.
68
the changing brain (role of myelin)
Myelination and the development of dendrites continue to occur in the cortex and as it does, we see a corresponding change in what the child is capable of doing. Greater development in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control attention and emotion, makes it increasingly possible to inhibit emotional outbursts and understand how to play games. Understanding the game, thinking ahead, and coordinating movement improve with practice and myelination.
69
gross vs fine motor skills
gross- big muscles (running, jumping) vs fine- holding a pencil
70
Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage
children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas. thats why pretend play is important. children can pretend their arms are airplane wings. They also use language but can't understand adult logic. They cant also know an object is there even if they can't see it. later in the stage they also think intuitively.
71
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
culture has a major impact on a child’s cognitive development. He believed that the social interactions with adults and more learned peers can facilitate a child’s potential for learning.
72
nutrition
children have smaller appetites than babies. limit choices, give healthy options. kids like to eat the same thing. they like consistency. don't bribe. serve balanced meals.
73
authoritarian
commanding. do it because i said so
74
authortative
good communication and reasoning, well adjusted children
75
uninvolved
disengaged
76
permissive
no rules
77
child abuse
any act or failure to act the puts a child in harm
78
unoccupied play
uncommon, random, no specific goal
79
solitary play
children play by themselves
80
onlooker play
watch but don't join in
81
parallel play
play alongside but not together
82
associative play
interaction and sharing but not working towards a common goal
83
cooperative play
playing together to achieve the same goal

human growth and development (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions