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Science > Midterm 8th Grade > Flashcards

Midterm 8th Grade Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

spontaneous combustion

A

the mistaken idea that living things can arise from non living sources.

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2
Q

gene

A

a sequence of DNA that determines a trait and is passed from parent to offspring.

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3
Q

alelle

A

an alelle is the different form of a gene.

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4
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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5
Q

traits

A

a specific characteristic that an organism can pass to its offspring through genes.

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6
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity.

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7
Q

fertilization

A

the process by which sexual reproduction in which an egg cell and a sperm cell join to form a new cell.

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8
Q

purebred

A

an offspring of crosses that has the same form of traits.

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9
Q

dominant alelle

A

an alelle whose trait always shows up in an organism when the alelle is present.

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10
Q

recessive alelle

A

an alelle that is hidden whenever the dominant alelle is present.

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11
Q

hybrid

A

an offspring of crosses that has two different alelle for a trait.

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12
Q

lysosome

A

breaks down large food molecules in smaller ones

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13
Q

organelle

A

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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14
Q

endocytosis

A

the process by which the cell membrane changes shape and engulfs the particle.

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

the process by which the vacuole fuses with the cell membrane to allow large particles to leave the cell.

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16
Q

eukaryote

A

an organism with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures

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17
Q

prokaryote

A

an organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures.

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18
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the surroundings.

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19
Q

cell cycle

A

the series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.

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20
Q

what are the six characteristics of all living things?

A
  • cellular organization (made up of cells)
  • composed of chemicals
  • energy use
  • growth and development
  • respond to the environment
  • reproduce
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21
Q

what are the four basic needs of all living things?

A
  • food (energy)
  • water
  • shelter
  • homeostasis
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22
Q

what are the three domains of life?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
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23
Q

what are the four kingdoms of life?

A
  • protists
  • fungi
  • plants
  • animals
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24
Q

binomial nomeclature

A

the naming system for organisms in which each organism is given a two part name

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25
Q

unicellular

A

a type of oragnism that is made up of one single cell

26
Q

multicellular

A

a type of organism that is made up of many cells

27
Q

list the eight levels of classification in order

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
28
Q

what is the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of function and structure in all living things
  • all cells are produced by other cells
29
Q

chloroplast

A

uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant– green color

30
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a maze of passageways that transport materials throughout the cell (two types – rough and smooth) helps produce many substances

31
Q

golgi aparatus

A

receives, processes and packages molecules, like lipids and proteins made by the cell

32
Q

vacuole

A

stores food, water, and waste materials

33
Q

lysosome

A

breaks down large food molecules into smaller ones

34
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds cells, provides support and protection and controls materials passing in and out of the cell.

35
Q

ribosome

A

the smallest organelle which produces proteins

36
Q

nucleus

A

controls the cells activities and contains DNA

37
Q

cell wall

A

provides support and protection for a plant cell

38
Q

cytoplasm

A

A jelly- like substance that moves constantly within the cell carrying along organelles

39
Q

mitochondria

A

breaks down sugar molecules in food to release energy to be used by the cell

40
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules

41
Q

diffusion

A

process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an are of lower concentration

42
Q

active transport

A

the movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy

43
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of materials across a cell membrane without using energy

44
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants and other autotrophs capture and use light energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.

45
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cell, releasing energy

46
Q

fermentation

A

the process by which cells release energy by breaking down food molecules without using energy

47
Q

what are the three stages of cellular division?

A
  • interphase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
48
Q

what are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephase
49
Q

describe what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes in the nucleus condense. the pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell.

50
Q

describe what happens during metaphase

A

each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

51
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A

the centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. each chromatid is now called a chromosome and are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. the cell stretches out.

52
Q

describe what happens during telophase

A

a new nuclear envelope forms

53
Q

what happens during interphase?

A

growing- cell grows to its full size and produces the oranelles it needs
copying DNA- the cell makes an exact copy of its nucleus in a process called replication
preparing for division- the cell produces stuctures that will help it divide into two new cells

54
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

it completes the process of cell division where the cytoplasm divides and the structures are distributed into the two new cells.

55
Q

who was Gregor Mendel and what did he do?

A

Gregor Mendal was a priest that took care of a garden. In this garden he observed pea plants and wondered why different pea plants had different characteristics. He came to the conclusion that the pea plants traits were often similar to the parents traits, however sometimes the traits differed. He experimented on the plants and provided the basics on heredity.

56
Q

what are the symbols for alelles?

A

capitol letter- dominant

lower case letter- recessive

57
Q

who was Leeuwenhoek?

A

created binomeal nomeclature and a way to classify organisms based on similarities.

58
Q

who was Hooke?

A

created the name “cells” and made his own microscope

59
Q

what are the four organic compounds and describe them.

A
  • lipids which store energy for later use
  • carbohydrates that down starch into glucose
  • proteins that speed up chemical reactions
  • nucleic acid that contains the chemical instructions for the cell to carry out all the functions of life
60
Q

why is water important for our bodies

A

water is important because it aids in many of the chemical reactions that take place inside our body.

61
Q

what speeds up a chemical reaction?

A

enzymes

Science (8 decks)

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