Midterm 8th Grade

Question 1

spontaneous combustion

Answer 1

the mistaken idea that living things can arise from non living sources.

Question 2

gene

Answer 2

a sequence of DNA that determines a trait and is passed from parent to offspring.

Question 3

alelle

Answer 3

an alelle is the different form of a gene.

Question 4

heredity

Answer 4

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Question 5

traits

Answer 5

a specific characteristic that an organism can pass to its offspring through genes.

Question 6

genetics

Answer 6

the scientific study of heredity.

Question 7

fertilization

Answer 7

the process by which sexual reproduction in which an egg cell and a sperm cell join to form a new cell.

Question 8

purebred

Answer 8

an offspring of crosses that has the same form of traits.

Question 9

dominant alelle

Answer 9

an alelle whose trait always shows up in an organism when the alelle is present.

Question 10

recessive alelle

Answer 10

an alelle that is hidden whenever the dominant alelle is present.

Question 11

hybrid

Answer 11

an offspring of crosses that has two different alelle for a trait.

Question 12

lysosome

Answer 12

breaks down large food molecules in smaller ones

Question 13

organelle

Answer 13

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Question 14

endocytosis

Answer 14

the process by which the cell membrane changes shape and engulfs the particle.

Question 15

exocytosis

Answer 15

the process by which the vacuole fuses with the cell membrane to allow large particles to leave the cell.

Question 16

eukaryote

Answer 16

an organism with cells that contain nuclei and other cell structures

Question 17

prokaryote

Answer 17

an organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures.

Question 18

homeostasis

Answer 18

the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the surroundings.

Question 19

cell cycle

Answer 19

the series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.

Question 20

what are the six characteristics of all living things?

Answer 20

• cellular organization (made up of cells)
• composed of chemicals
• energy use
• growth and development
• respond to the environment
• reproduce

Question 21

what are the four basic needs of all living things?

Answer 21

• food (energy)
• water
• shelter
• homeostasis

Question 22

what are the three domains of life?

Answer 22

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

Question 23

what are the four kingdoms of life?

Answer 23

• protists
• fungi
• plants
• animals

Question 24

binomial nomeclature

Answer 24

the naming system for organisms in which each organism is given a two part name

Question 25

unicellular

Answer 25

a type of oragnism that is made up of one single cell

Question 26

multicellular

Answer 26

a type of organism that is made up of many cells

Question 27

list the eight levels of classification in order

Answer 27

- domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Question 28

what is the cell theory?

Answer 28

- all living things are composed of cells - cells are the basic unit of function and structure in all living things - all cells are produced by other cells

Question 29

chloroplast

Answer 29

uses energy from the sun to make food for the plant-- green color

Question 30

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 30

a maze of passageways that transport materials throughout the cell (two types -- rough and smooth) helps produce many substances

Question 31

golgi aparatus

Answer 31

receives, processes and packages molecules, like lipids and proteins made by the cell

Question 32

vacuole

Answer 32

stores food, water, and waste materials

Question 33

lysosome

Answer 33

breaks down large food molecules into smaller ones

Question 34

cell membrane

Answer 34

surrounds cells, provides support and protection and controls materials passing in and out of the cell.

Question 35

ribosome

Answer 35

the smallest organelle which produces proteins

Question 36

nucleus

Answer 36

controls the cells activities and contains DNA

Question 37

cell wall

Answer 37

provides support and protection for a plant cell

Question 38

cytoplasm

Answer 38

A jelly- like substance that moves constantly within the cell carrying along organelles

Question 39

mitochondria

Answer 39

breaks down sugar molecules in food to release energy to be used by the cell

Question 40

osmosis

Answer 40

the diffusion of water molecules

Question 41

diffusion

Answer 41

process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an are of lower concentration

Question 42

active transport

Answer 42

the movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy

Question 43

passive transport

Answer 43

the movement of materials across a cell membrane without using energy

Question 44

photosynthesis

Answer 44

the process by which plants and other autotrophs capture and use light energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 45

cellular respiration

Answer 45

the process by which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cell, releasing energy

Question 46

fermentation

Answer 46

the process by which cells release energy by breaking down food molecules without using energy

Question 47

what are the three stages of cellular division?

Answer 47

- interphase - mitosis - cytokinesis

Question 48

what are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 48

- prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telephase

Question 49

describe what happens during prophase

Answer 49

chromosomes in the nucleus condense. the pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell.

Question 50

describe what happens during metaphase

Answer 50

each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

Question 51

describe what happens during anaphase

Answer 51

the centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. each chromatid is now called a chromosome and are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. the cell stretches out.

Question 52

describe what happens during telophase

Answer 52

a new nuclear envelope forms

Question 53

what happens during interphase?

Answer 53

growing- cell grows to its full size and produces the oranelles it needs copying DNA- the cell makes an exact copy of its nucleus in a process called replication preparing for division- the cell produces stuctures that will help it divide into two new cells

Question 54

what happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 54

it completes the process of cell division where the cytoplasm divides and the structures are distributed into the two new cells.

Question 55

who was Gregor Mendel and what did he do?

Answer 55

Gregor Mendal was a priest that took care of a garden. In this garden he observed pea plants and wondered why different pea plants had different characteristics. He came to the conclusion that the pea plants traits were often similar to the parents traits, however sometimes the traits differed. He experimented on the plants and provided the basics on heredity.

Question 56

what are the symbols for alelles?

Answer 56

capitol letter- dominant | lower case letter- recessive

Question 57

who was Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 57

created binomeal nomeclature and a way to classify organisms based on similarities.

Question 58

who was Hooke?

Answer 58

created the name "cells" and made his own microscope

Question 59

what are the four organic compounds and describe them.

Answer 59

- lipids which store energy for later use - carbohydrates that down starch into glucose - proteins that speed up chemical reactions - nucleic acid that contains the chemical instructions for the cell to carry out all the functions of life

Question 60

why is water important for our bodies

Answer 60

water is important because it aids in many of the chemical reactions that take place inside our body.

Question 61

what speeds up a chemical reaction?

Answer 61

enzymes