Midterm Flashcards
Steps to avoid fake news
- All capital headlines
- .co
- Check its “about” page
- A lot of banner ads and pop-ups
Two basic questions of geography
Where are things located?
Why are they there?
Absolute location
describes the place’s exact position on the Earth
Relative location
explains where a place is by describing places near by
Indigenous
characteristic of that place, often used to describe people
Infrastructure
structures, buildings, facilities in a country (roads/railroads, ports, hospitals, schools, communication)
Paternalism
outside power treating people like children like they don’t deserve rights
Assimilation
adopting new culture, often forced upon people
Boycott
refusing to buy services of goods, usually in protest
Nationalism
pride in one’s country, Africa for Africans
Subsistence farming
only farm what you need, farm for survival/to make a living
Specialized economy
economy based on one thing
Monotheism
belief in one god
Founder of Islam
Muhammad
Five pillars of Islam
- If able to, make a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
- Pray five times a day
- Pay a yearly tax (tithe)
- Fasting during Ramadan
- Belief in one God, Allah
Sunni and Shia Muslims
Disagreed on succession after Muhammad died. Sunni wanted the best candidate, Shia wanted a relative of Muhammad.
What made the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay powerful?
Center of trade route and controlled gold and salt mines
Who was the most powerful leader of Mali?
Mansa Musa, took a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca
What religion spread in the West African empires?
Islam
What was the role of other Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade?
Africans sold other Africans into slavery, at first just criminals, prisoners of war, debtors (people who owe money)
Triangular Trade Route
From America to Europe: cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton)
From Europe to Africa: weapons and manufactured goods
From Africa to America: slaves
Name of the slave portion of the route
the Middle Passage
What drove demand for slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade?
Work on plantations
Why did the Atlantic Slave Trade introduce a racist ideology?
Justified slavery by claiming Africans were biologically inferior
Three reasons for European imperialism
- Economic – wanted natural resources, additional markets for European goods
- Cultural – spread their religion/culture; civilize/westernize the Africans
- Political – get more power/land, rival others
the Berlin Conference
European countries gathered in Germany to agree on how to divide Africa without fighting; Africans were not present
Methods of Imperialism
direct and indirect control
Direct control
foreign officials govern the colony
Indirect control
local rulers govern with oversight
King Leopold II
King of Belgium and took over the Congo and forced people to work for him under horrific conditions
What made Ethiopia successful?
Emperor Menelik II negotiated with European powers and stockpiled modern weapons
Positive and negative effects of colonial rule
Positive: - improved sanitation, healthcare and education - improved infrastructure (road, railroads, communications) - reduced local warfare - economic expansion Negative: - loss of land and independence - artificial boundaries created countries that grouped enemies and split tribes - unprepared to run a democracy - breakdown of African culture - death - families seperated
Some movements that helped African countries finally gain independence
- Protests
- Nationalism grew after WWI and WWII, pride in being African and wanting independence
- Great Depression – colonies became too expensive
- Cultural movement – literature, poetry
- War – outright war and guerilla war
Struggles of post-colonial Africa
- Military coup – military would overthrow the government and take control
- Europeans created artificial borders that grouped enemies, split tribes
- Economies struggled
Apartheid
Policy of segregation and discrimination in South Africa. White minority ruled the country with 148 apartheid laws
Nelson Mandela
the head of the African National Congress, went to jail for fighting apartheid and became first democratically elected black president of South Africa
Causes and effects of unequal water distribution
Causes – dams, no rain, few rivers
Effects – tension between countries, lack of water for agriculture
Causes and effects of water pollution
Causes – sewage, dams reducing fresh water flow, salt water mixing into fresh water
Effects – disease/death
Why do rentier states limit the rights of their citizens?
Governments make money selling natural resources so the don’t charge taxes for services. No taxes = no vote
Consequences of unequal distribution of wealth in the Middle East
- Creates tension
- Foreign workers are treated poorly
- People are suspicious of foreign aid
Difference between ethnicity and religion
- Ethnicity shares common characteristics
* Religion is your belief system
Why did the United States organize a coup of the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister in 1953?
America was concerned Iran might turn to communism and he nationalized Iran’s oil, taking it away from Britain
The Shah
King of Iran, Reza Pahlavi. Supported western interests, he was corrupt, and ruled through terror
The Iranian Hostage Crisis
Students stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took 66 hostages. They demanded return of the Shah who was in America for cancer treatment. President Carter tried a rescue mission that failed. 52 hostages were held for 444 days. Shah died, US released Iranian assets and hostages came home once President Reagan was inaugurated.
