Midterm

Question 1

Steps to avoid fake news

Answer 1

• All capital headlines
• .co
• Check its “about” page
• A lot of banner ads and pop-ups

Question 2

Two basic questions of geography

Answer 2

Where are things located?

Why are they there?

Question 3

Absolute location

Answer 3

describes the place’s exact position on the Earth

Question 4

Relative location

Answer 4

explains where a place is by describing places near by

Question 5

Indigenous

Answer 5

characteristic of that place, often used to describe people

Question 6

Infrastructure

Answer 6

structures, buildings, facilities in a country (roads/railroads, ports, hospitals, schools, communication)

Question 7

Paternalism

Answer 7

outside power treating people like children like they don’t deserve rights

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

adopting new culture, often forced upon people

Question 9

Boycott

Answer 9

refusing to buy services of goods, usually in protest

Question 10

Nationalism

Answer 10

pride in one’s country, Africa for Africans

Question 11

Subsistence farming

Answer 11

only farm what you need, farm for survival/to make a living

Question 12

Specialized economy

Answer 12

economy based on one thing

Question 13

Monotheism

Answer 13

belief in one god

Question 14

Founder of Islam

Answer 14

Muhammad

Question 15

Five pillars of Islam

Answer 15

• If able to, make a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
• Pray five times a day
• Pay a yearly tax (tithe)
• Fasting during Ramadan
• Belief in one God, Allah

Question 16

Sunni and Shia Muslims

Answer 16

Disagreed on succession after Muhammad died. Sunni wanted the best candidate, Shia wanted a relative of Muhammad.

Question 17

What made the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay powerful?

Answer 17

Center of trade route and controlled gold and salt mines

Question 18

Who was the most powerful leader of Mali?

Answer 18

Mansa Musa, took a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca

Question 19

What religion spread in the West African empires?

Answer 19

Islam

Question 20

What was the role of other Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 20

Africans sold other Africans into slavery, at first just criminals, prisoners of war, debtors (people who owe money)

Question 21

Triangular Trade Route

Answer 21

From America to Europe: cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton)
From Europe to Africa: weapons and manufactured goods
From Africa to America: slaves

Question 22

Name of the slave portion of the route

Answer 22

the Middle Passage

Question 23

What drove demand for slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Answer 23

Work on plantations

Question 24

Why did the Atlantic Slave Trade introduce a racist ideology?

Answer 24

Justified slavery by claiming Africans were biologically inferior

Question 25

Three reasons for European imperialism

Answer 25

1. Economic – wanted natural resources, additional markets for European goods 2. Cultural – spread their religion/culture; civilize/westernize the Africans 3. Political – get more power/land, rival others

Question 26

the Berlin Conference

Answer 26

European countries gathered in Germany to agree on how to divide Africa without fighting; Africans were not present

Question 27

Methods of Imperialism

Answer 27

direct and indirect control

Question 28

Direct control

Answer 28

foreign officials govern the colony

Question 29

Indirect control

Answer 29

local rulers govern with oversight

Question 30

King Leopold II

Answer 30

King of Belgium and took over the Congo and forced people to work for him under horrific conditions

Question 31

What made Ethiopia successful?

Answer 31

Emperor Menelik II negotiated with European powers and stockpiled modern weapons

Question 32

Positive and negative effects of colonial rule

Answer 32

``` Positive: - improved sanitation, healthcare and education - improved infrastructure (road, railroads, communications) - reduced local warfare - economic expansion Negative: - loss of land and independence - artificial boundaries created countries that grouped enemies and split tribes - unprepared to run a democracy - breakdown of African culture - death - families seperated ```

Question 33

Some movements that helped African countries finally gain independence

Answer 33

* Protests * Nationalism grew after WWI and WWII, pride in being African and wanting independence * Great Depression – colonies became too expensive * Cultural movement – literature, poetry * War – outright war and guerilla war

Question 34

Struggles of post-colonial Africa

Answer 34

* Military coup – military would overthrow the government and take control * Europeans created artificial borders that grouped enemies, split tribes * Economies struggled

Question 35

Apartheid

Answer 35

Policy of segregation and discrimination in South Africa. White minority ruled the country with 148 apartheid laws

Question 36

Nelson Mandela

Answer 36

the head of the African National Congress, went to jail for fighting apartheid and became first democratically elected black president of South Africa

Question 37

Causes and effects of unequal water distribution

Answer 37

Causes – dams, no rain, few rivers | Effects – tension between countries, lack of water for agriculture

Question 38

Causes and effects of water pollution

Answer 38

Causes – sewage, dams reducing fresh water flow, salt water mixing into fresh water Effects – disease/death

Question 39

Why do rentier states limit the rights of their citizens?

Answer 39

Governments make money selling natural resources so the don’t charge taxes for services. No taxes = no vote

Question 40

Consequences of unequal distribution of wealth in the Middle East

Answer 40

* Creates tension * Foreign workers are treated poorly * People are suspicious of foreign aid

Question 41

Difference between ethnicity and religion

Answer 41

* Ethnicity shares common characteristics | * Religion is your belief system

Question 42

Why did the United States organize a coup of the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister in 1953?

Answer 42

America was concerned Iran might turn to communism and he nationalized Iran’s oil, taking it away from Britain

Question 43

The Shah

Answer 43

King of Iran, Reza Pahlavi. Supported western interests, he was corrupt, and ruled through terror

Question 44

The Iranian Hostage Crisis

Answer 44

Students stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took 66 hostages. They demanded return of the Shah who was in America for cancer treatment. President Carter tried a rescue mission that failed. 52 hostages were held for 444 days. Shah died, US released Iranian assets and hostages came home once President Reagan was inaugurated.