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S.S. > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Steps to avoid fake news

A
  • All capital headlines
  • .co
  • Check its “about” page
  • A lot of banner ads and pop-ups
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2
Q

Two basic questions of geography

A

Where are things located?

Why are they there?

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3
Q

Absolute location

A

describes the place’s exact position on the Earth

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4
Q

Relative location

A

explains where a place is by describing places near by

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5
Q

Indigenous

A

characteristic of that place, often used to describe people

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6
Q

Infrastructure

A

structures, buildings, facilities in a country (roads/railroads, ports, hospitals, schools, communication)

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7
Q

Paternalism

A

outside power treating people like children like they don’t deserve rights

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

adopting new culture, often forced upon people

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9
Q

Boycott

A

refusing to buy services of goods, usually in protest

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10
Q

Nationalism

A

pride in one’s country, Africa for Africans

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11
Q

Subsistence farming

A

only farm what you need, farm for survival/to make a living

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12
Q

Specialized economy

A

economy based on one thing

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13
Q

Monotheism

A

belief in one god

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14
Q

Founder of Islam

A

Muhammad

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15
Q

Five pillars of Islam

A
  • If able to, make a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
  • Pray five times a day
  • Pay a yearly tax (tithe)
  • Fasting during Ramadan
  • Belief in one God, Allah
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16
Q

Sunni and Shia Muslims

A

Disagreed on succession after Muhammad died. Sunni wanted the best candidate, Shia wanted a relative of Muhammad.

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17
Q

What made the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay powerful?

A

Center of trade route and controlled gold and salt mines

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18
Q

Who was the most powerful leader of Mali?

A

Mansa Musa, took a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca

19
Q

What religion spread in the West African empires?

A

Islam

20
Q

What was the role of other Africans in the Atlantic Slave Trade?

A

Africans sold other Africans into slavery, at first just criminals, prisoners of war, debtors (people who owe money)

21
Q

Triangular Trade Route

A

From America to Europe: cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton)
From Europe to Africa: weapons and manufactured goods
From Africa to America: slaves

22
Q

Name of the slave portion of the route

A

the Middle Passage

23
Q

What drove demand for slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade?

A

Work on plantations

24
Q

Why did the Atlantic Slave Trade introduce a racist ideology?

A

Justified slavery by claiming Africans were biologically inferior

25
Q

Three reasons for European imperialism

A
  1. Economic – wanted natural resources, additional markets for European goods
  2. Cultural – spread their religion/culture; civilize/westernize the Africans
  3. Political – get more power/land, rival others
26
Q

the Berlin Conference

A

European countries gathered in Germany to agree on how to divide Africa without fighting; Africans were not present

27
Q

Methods of Imperialism

A

direct and indirect control

28
Q

Direct control

A

foreign officials govern the colony

29
Q

Indirect control

A

local rulers govern with oversight

30
Q

King Leopold II

A

King of Belgium and took over the Congo and forced people to work for him under horrific conditions

31
Q

What made Ethiopia successful?

A

Emperor Menelik II negotiated with European powers and stockpiled modern weapons

32
Q

Positive and negative effects of colonial rule

A 
Positive:
-	improved sanitation, healthcare and education
-	improved infrastructure (road, railroads, communications)
-	reduced local warfare
-	economic expansion
Negative:
-	loss of land and independence
-	artificial boundaries created countries that grouped enemies and split tribes
-	unprepared to run a democracy
-	breakdown of African culture
-	death
-	families seperated
33
Q

Some movements that helped African countries finally gain independence

A
  • Protests
  • Nationalism grew after WWI and WWII, pride in being African and wanting independence
  • Great Depression – colonies became too expensive
  • Cultural movement – literature, poetry
  • War – outright war and guerilla war
34
Q

Struggles of post-colonial Africa

A
  • Military coup – military would overthrow the government and take control
  • Europeans created artificial borders that grouped enemies, split tribes
  • Economies struggled
35
Q

Apartheid

A

Policy of segregation and discrimination in South Africa. White minority ruled the country with 148 apartheid laws

36
Q

Nelson Mandela

A

the head of the African National Congress, went to jail for fighting apartheid and became first democratically elected black president of South Africa

37
Q

Causes and effects of unequal water distribution

A

Causes – dams, no rain, few rivers

Effects – tension between countries, lack of water for agriculture

38
Q

Causes and effects of water pollution

A

Causes – sewage, dams reducing fresh water flow, salt water mixing into fresh water
Effects – disease/death

39
Q

Why do rentier states limit the rights of their citizens?

A

Governments make money selling natural resources so the don’t charge taxes for services. No taxes = no vote

40
Q

Consequences of unequal distribution of wealth in the Middle East

A
  • Creates tension
  • Foreign workers are treated poorly
  • People are suspicious of foreign aid
41
Q

Difference between ethnicity and religion

A
  • Ethnicity shares common characteristics

* Religion is your belief system

42
Q

Why did the United States organize a coup of the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister in 1953?

A

America was concerned Iran might turn to communism and he nationalized Iran’s oil, taking it away from Britain

43
Q

The Shah

A

King of Iran, Reza Pahlavi. Supported western interests, he was corrupt, and ruled through terror

44
Q

The Iranian Hostage Crisis

A

Students stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took 66 hostages. They demanded return of the Shah who was in America for cancer treatment. President Carter tried a rescue mission that failed. 52 hostages were held for 444 days. Shah died, US released Iranian assets and hostages came home once President Reagan was inaugurated.

S.S. (14 decks)

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