Midterm Flashcards
Primary mover akas?
Agonist
Initiator
Secondary mover akas?
Synergist
Facilitator
Tertiary muscle = ?
agonist
Inhibitor
What are some contraindications for muscle testing?
FX
Dislocation
Severe joint instability
Children
List the cautions for muscle testing
Osteoporosis
Cancer
Suspected Fracture
Sagittal plane aka ?
Median plane
Coronal plane aka ?
Frontal
Transverse plane aka ?
Horizontal
Bilateral axis aka ?
Coronal
A-P axis aka ?
Sagittal
VLP stands for?
Vertical, longitudinal, Polar
What does Cardinal mean?
Equal division of parts
Rotation occurs in what plane?
Transverse
Abduction and Adduction occur along what axis?
A-P/Sagittal
What is a secondary plane?
Any motion away from the centre of gravity
T or F
The goniometer measures pure motion
True
What is pure motion?
1 axis & 1 plane at a time
What are the 1 plane/axis joints?
Elbow
Knee
DIPS/PIPS
T or F
All flexion and extension in body = sagittal plane except the elbow
False
All except THUMB
Describe the position of the thumb during flexion
Rests on the 2nd and 3rd MCP Joint
Describe the thumb position in extension
Thumb almost parallel to the wrist
T or F
Thumb perpendicular to the wrist is its position in adduction
False
That is describing abduction
Adduction = thumb beside the 2nd digit
What plane and axis does opposition of the thumb occur?
Oblique plane
Oblique axis
The motion of pronation and supination occurs in what plane around what axis?
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
VPL axis
What are the combined special motion of pronation of the foot?
PabED Prontation Abduction Eversion Dorsiflexion
Supination of the ankle incorporates what motions?
SaddIP Supination Adduction Inversion Plantar flexion
T or F
Over supination can give a genu valgus
False
Genu varus
When observing scapular motion what is the reference point?
Inferior angle of scapula
Where is the centre of gravity?
Slightly anterior to the first or second sacral tubercle
Abduction of the shoulder and hip occur in what plane? Axis?
Plane = Coronal/frontal Axis = AP/Sagittal
Radial deviation occurs around what axis? In what plane?
Axis = Sagittal/AP Plane = Coronal/Frontal
T or F
Plantar flexion of the ankle occurs in the bilateral plane around a sagittal axis
False
Plane = Sag/Med Axis = Bilateral
Opposition of the thumb occurs in what plane and around what axis?
Oblique and Oblique
Describe the scapular movement of protraction
Inferior angle moves anterior and lateral around the rib cage
+X = ?
Left translation
Right Translation = ___ (XYZ coordinate)
-X
Cephalad translation in the XYZ coordination system = ?
+Y
Anterior translation = ?
+Z
Describe the Plumb line analysis from S to I
Slightly behind coronal suture EAM Dens Lumbar bodies Sacral Promintory Greater Trochanter Ant to Knee Joint - behind the patella Ant to Lat Malleolus
If a person has anterior head translation what muscle must they strengthen and stretch?
Strengthen Scalenes
Stretch Neck…
Describe what muscles will be tight and weak with a Hyperlordosis
Tight = erector spinae, quads and sartorius Weak = abs & hamstrings
Where does the Psoas insert?
Lesser Trochanter
Where does the Levator Scapulae insert?
Medial border of scapula
What is the main action of the Lats?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
T or F
Pec Major inserts into the coracoid process of the scapula
False
That is the pec minor
Pec major = inter tubercular groove of humerus
T or F
The Serratus Anterior does not attach to the medial border of the scapula
False
What is the main action of Pec Major
Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder
Extension of flexed arm
What is the main action of Piriformis?
Laterally rotates extended thigh at hip and abducts flexed thigh at hip
T or F
Glut Min and Med abduct and laterally rotate thigh at hip
False
medially rotate!!!
T or F
Glut Max extends the thigh at the hip and assists in its lateral rotation
True
Main action of Sartorius
Flexes
Abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Flexes Knee
Innervation of TFL?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
T or F
The TFL helps with lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
False
Medially rotates
* also abducts thigh and helps to keep knee extended
Does a medial foot strike give you a genu valgus or varus?
Valgus
Lateral foot strike = genu _____
Varus
Weakened muscle will have what characteristics?
Stretched/elongated
Loss of tone
What characteristics will we see with a strong muscle
Hypertonic
Spastic
Contracted
T or F
With a weakened gluteus maximus the femur head drops and we get a genu valgus ipsilaterally
True
**knee flexion deformity and a long leg
How does a shortened TFL affect the body?
Genu Valgus
Knee flexion deformity
Short Leg
Internal hip rotation, toe in, abduction
Describe the biomechanical affects of a shortened Piriformis
Genu Varus
External foot flare on hip flexion
T or F
When you QL is shortened you will have a convex scoliosis on side of shortened muscle
True
Describe some of the effects of wearing a heel that tis 2-4 inches
Bunions Dropped metatarsal heads Sacral angle changes to greater than 45 degrees Sway back Shortened gastrocnemius
T or F
The stance phase of gate represents 40% of the gait cycle
False
60%
What are the 4 parts of the Stance phase…
- Heel strike
- Foot flat
- Mid stance
- Push off
What conditions would cause problems with the heel strike?
Heel Spurs, plantar fasciitis
List some conditions that might give you problems with the push off phase
Bunions Gout Hallicus Rigidis (OA)
In terms of duration what is the difference between plantar fasciitis and heel spurs?
Fasciitis = limp when you get out of bed for a while but gets better as the day goes on Spurr = hurts every step you take
What is a normal wear pattern on shoes?
L -> M
What will over supination do to the wear pattern on shoes?
Stays more on the lateral side of the foot and across the MTP joints
You notice a friend is running with a genu valgus position and she is landing on the medial aspect of the foot what type of gait pattern?
Over pronation, eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion
Walking wider than normal width of the base during gait what is the likely problem? What is normal width of base during walking?
Cerebellar Dysfxn
2-4 inches
Left weakened rectus abdomens will cause the lumbar curve over a period of time to do what?
Left Scoliosis **gotta research this
When assessing trunk flexion in infants, the lumbar lordosis should begin to present itself by how many months?
8
What muscle would you test if you suspected your pt may have the conditioned called “winging” of the scapula and what is the innervation controlling this muscle?
Winging = SERRATUS ANTERIOR - Long thoracic
If a patient tells you they are having difficulty keeping themselves from falling forward and all CN8 tests are unremarkable. Cerebellar tests are also unremarkable. What is the most likely cause of their problem?
Soleus or Gastroc weakness
The extremes that a muscle can be stretched and shortened is termed…
Amplitude
