Midterm ✅ Flashcards
The deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in young growing animals causes a disease called _______, which is characterized by deformed bones.
Rickets
The glandular stomach of ruminants is called ______, which is the fourth compartment of the stomach.
Abomasum
The contractile proteins of muscle include ______, myosin and tropomyosin B.
Actin
To measure the ________ energy of animals, we should sum up the basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermos effect of food (TEF) and physical activity.
Maintenance
The _______ immunity is acquired by animals through synthesizing antibodies against the exposure to pathogens (antigens).
Active
When the concentration of blood calcium is higher than normal levels, the thyroid gland secretes a hormone called ______, which can decrease the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney and increases the loss of calcium through urine.
Calcitonin
The three pair of glands that produce saliva include sublingual glands, parotid glands and _________ glands.
Submaxillary
The excretory form of nitrogen in fish is ________, whole mammals mainly excrete urea.
Ammonia
The pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that is made in peptics cells of _______ and digests the large proteins.
Stomach
The macro minerals in animals feed include ______, phosphorus (P), Chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and sodium (Na).
Magnesium
(T/F) The level of collagen in the body of animals decreases as they get older.
False
(T/F) Among lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contain the highest amount of triglycerides and the lowest amount of proteins.
False
(T/F) The microorganisms (microbes) of gut produce an enzyme that can digest the cellulose in mono gastric and ruminants.
True
(T/F) Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal cells and mainly consist of triglycerides.
True
(T/F) The tetany and hyperemia of the extremities is a clinical sign for deficiency of dietary phosphorus.
False
(T/F) Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the portal system in the small intestine and transferred to the liver.
True
(T/F) To measure the “true digestible energy (DE)” the fecal energy should be measured in fasting animals and then subtracted from apparent DE.
True
(T/F) The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of animals is a function of age and younger animals have higher BMR than older animals per unit of their metabolic size.
True
(T/F) Urea cycle occurs mainly in the Kinsey and small intestine.
False
Liver
(T/F) The higher concentrations of oxalis and physic acids in the diet will increase the availability and absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
False
(T/F) Increasing the feed intake of ruminants will increase their methane production and that will decrease the metabolizable energy (ME).
False
(T/F) The “parietal cells (oxyntic cells)” of stomach produce hydrochloride acid (HCl).
True
(T/F) The main route of Nitrogen (N) excretion in birds is uric acid.
True
(T/F) There are 40 common amino acids in most of the proteins and 20 of them are essential amino acids.
False
(20 common)
(9-10 essential)
(T/F) The gross energy (GE) system is widely used in animal nutrition due to its accuracy in predicting the energy content of the variety of feeds.
False
The main common function for sodium, chlorine and potassium in animals physiology is to ______
A) maintain the osmotic pressure
B) maintain the acid-base balance
All of the following are organic components of animal feed except
A) carbohydrates
B) vitamins
C) micro-elements
Which of the following statements is true about the “methane production and metabolizable energy (ME)” in ruminants
Low quality feeds increase the methane production and decrease the ME
The _______ is a pancreatic digestive enzyme, which is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?
A) Amylase
The blood lipids consist of ______
A) Chylomicrons made in intestinal cells
B) Lipids made in adipose
C) Lipids made in liver
D) All
The amino acids composition of proteins is affected by ______
A) The protein source (plants/animal proteins)
B) genetic mutations
C) both
Which of the following is the product of bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon?
A) volatile fatty acids
B) some of the amino acids and vitamins
C) both
The ______ is a sulfur containing essential amino acid.
A) Methionine
All of the following are active form of proteolytic enzymes that are made in the pancreas and realized into the small intestine, except
A) chymotrypsin
B) carboxyleptidase
C) enterokinase
When the concentration of calcium (Ca) is low in blood, which of the following mechanisms will be activated
Vitamin D will increase the release of Ca from the bones (resorption) into the blood
Amino acids absorbed to small intestine through
Active transport
The net energy (NE) can be calculated by using the following equation
Metabolizable (ME)- heat increment (HI)- heat of fermentation (HF)
Which of the following is not true about “enzymes and hormones”?
Enzymes have both proteins and fat structures
Which of the following is a component of plants cell wall?
A) hemicellulose
B) cellulose
C) lignin
D) All
The metabolizable energy (ME) can be calculated by using the following equation
Gross energy (GE)- fecal energy (FE)- Urine energy/ Methane (combustible gases) energy
The Na/K ATPas pump, using ATP keeps the ________ at high concentration inside the cell
Potassium
Sodium (outside)
The amino acids carbon Skelton formed after transamination and deamination can be used to produce _______
A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) fat
D) All
All of the following are true about “ruminants depot fat” except
That is totally responsive to their dietary fat composition
Which of the following is a “lipoprotein”
Chylomicrons
Which of the following can influence the “heat of increment (HI)” of animals
A) feed intake
B) feeding frequency
C) the type and level of nutrients in the diet
D) All
Which of the following conditions should be met when measuring the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in animals?
Animals should be in their thermoneutral zone
Sulfur is a macro mineral, which is important for _____
A) carbohydrates and lipid metabolism (as thiamin and biotin)
B) healthy joints and ligaments ( as chondroitin sulphate)
C) energy metabolism (as glutathione and coenzyme A)
D) All
The shrinkage of collagen after heating is due to its higher concentration of amino acid ______
Proline
The amino acids synthesis and degradation can be done by _____
A) microorganisms
B)body tissue such as liver and intestine
C) both
The enzyme “rennin” is _______
A proteolytic enzyme
