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Animal Nutrition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

How are somatotropin(growth hormone) and IGF-1 involved in regulation of body growth?

A
  1. Somatotropin induces the growth of bones and muscles
  2. IGF-1 functions include; bone elongation, muscle growth, reducing negative energy balance, wound healing, regulating apoptosis ( programmed cell death)
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2
Q

What are “catecholamimes” and how do they control body growth?

A
  1. Synthesized by adrenal gland and are important for growth
  2. Fight or flight hormones
    • epinephrine (Adrenalin)
    • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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3
Q

How are glucocorticoids involved in regulation of body growth?

A
  1. Improve gluconeogenesis
    • increase mobilization of lipids and proteins from body reserves
    • decrease glucose use of peripheral tissues
    • inhibit GH release
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4
Q

What are major hormones associated with mammogenesis, lactogenesis and galactopoiesis?

A
  1. estrogen

2.

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5
Q

What factors do influence the palatability of feed?

A
  • appearance
  • odor
  • taste
  • texture
  • temperature
  • other sensory properties of feed
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6
Q

What hormones/peptides of small intestine control feed intake in short term?

A
  • gastrin
  • CCK
  • secretin
  • GLP-1
  • PYY
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7
Q

What hormone controls the feed intake in long term? What is its source?

A
  1. Leptin

2. Released from adipose tissues

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8
Q

What is “chemeostatic regulation of appetite” and how is it explained for ruminants?

A
  1. The food intake is related inversely with blood glucose concentration in most non ruminants.
  2. In ruminants, blood glucose has little impact on feed intake. Blood propionate levels may be negatively related with feed intake.
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9
Q

How the caloric density of feed and physical limitations of the GI tract control feed intake?

A

1.

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10
Q

What factors do influence the energy demands and feed consumption of animals?

A
  • body weight
  • species, class and individuality of the animal
  • production of stage and level of production
  • environmental factors
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11
Q

How do the following affect the feed consumption of animals?

•Body weight (BW)

A
  • The energy needs of adult animals is related with their metabolic size: BW0.75
  • The energy need and feed consumption of animals is related more to body lean mass than to total body weight.
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12
Q

How do the following affect the feed consumption of animals?

•Type and level of production

A

The feed intake of animals is increased during growth, lactation
and pregnancy

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13
Q

How do the following affect the feed consumption of animals?

•Environmental factors

A
  • High temperature and high humidity reduce feed intake.

* Most infectious diseases, metabolic diseases (e.g. ketosis) and stressors (e.g. noise) decrease the intake.

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14
Q

How are energy, protein, vitamins and mineral requirements expressed in animals?

A

• Metabolizable energy (poultry, dogs and cats), digestible energy (hordes and rabbits), TDN and NE (goats/beef cattle)
• Protein requirements are mostly given in digestible protein (DP).
~In ruminants, crude protein (CP) is often used.
~MP in ruminants: the true protein absorbed by the intestine = microbial protein + UIP
• Vitamins A, D and E are expressed in international unites (IU).
• For mineral requirements:
o P values are given based on protein intake
o Ca values are determined base on P needs and body size
o other mineral requirements are given based on metabolic size

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15
Q

What is the difference between crude protein and metabolizable protein(MP) in ruminants?

A
  1. In ruminants, crude protein (CP) is often used.
    • CP = dietary intake protein (DIP) + undegraded intake protein (UIP)
  2. The use of metabolizable protein (MP) in ruminants was introduced by NRC (1996).
    • MP in ruminants: the true protein absorbed by the intestine = microbial protein + UIP
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16
Q

How are the energy needs of animals determined? What are the limitations of each?

A
  1. Energy needs of animals determined by:
    •calorimetric studies
    ~ Limitation of calorimetric studies:
    not accurate values of energy expenditure for grazing animals due to:
    ➢higher activity
    ➢environmental factors such as temperature, radiation, wind and humidity
    •feeding experiments in practical conditions
    ~ animal’s energy gain or loss determination
    is challenging
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17
Q

What are inaccuracies in feeding standards reported by the NRC?

A
  • management and feeding methods that may influence the animal requirements
  • increased intake in severe weather
  • stressors such as diseases, parasitism, injury or surgery that may change the allowance
  • beneficial effects of additives or feed preparatory methods
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18
Q

What is the importance of colostrum in young mammals? When is the best time to offer it? Why?

A
  1. Colostrum is a good source of globulins and proteins, antibodies, vitamins and minerals.
  2. In few hours after birth
  3. The GI tract is permeable to globulins and other proteins of colostrum
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19
Q

What is compensatory growth?

A
  1. Energy restriction/subnormal growth can be followed by faster weight gain than normal if animals are fed with adequate rations.
20
Q

What nutrients need to be increased in the diet of animals doing work?

A
  • Carbohydrates are more important than fats as energy sources for work.
  • The work may increase the Na and Cl requirements, if sweating occurs.
  • Dietary P should be increased during work as it is a key nutrient for many energy- yielding reactions.
  • Thiamin, niacin and riboflavin that are particularly involved in energy metabolism should be increased during the work
21
Q

At what stage of pregnancy are the nutrient requirements the highest?

A
  1. Third
22
Q

What are the outcomes of moderate and severe malnutrition during pregnancy?

A 
1. Moderate
•body gives priority to fetus
•withdrawn of mother’s body reserves
2. Severe 
•body gives a partial priority to fetus
•detrimental effects on fetus: malformed fetus or resorption of the fetus, abortion, birth of dead, weak, or undersized young
•long-term effects on the mother
23
Q

What nutrients must be increased in the diets of animals during lactation?

A

• The requirements for all nutrients including fat, protein, carbohydrate, Ca and P are increased during lactation

24
Q

What factors do influence the nutrient requirements in animals?

A
  • genetics
  • nutritional individuality
  • breed and species differences
  • environmental factors
25
Q

What factors must be considered for including feed stuff in the diet?

A
  • cost
  • palatability
  • digestibility and bioavailability of the energy and nutrients
  • nutrient concentration and balance
  • level of toxins and nutrient inhibitors
  • handling and milling properties
26
Q

What are the nutritional advantages of grasses for grazing animals?

A
  • palatability
  • grows in most environments
  • nutrients for production and reproduction
27
Q

How legumes are compared to grasses in terms of nutrient content?

A
  • Legumes have higher protein than grasses.
  • The leaves of legumes are rich in protein and their stems are rich in cellulose and lignin.
  • Compared to grasses, legumes have more Ca, Mg, S and Cu and less Mn and Zn.
  • Legumes are more palatable than grasses, but feeding them needs adaptation (bitter taste).
28
Q

Why is alfalfa the most common legume used as hay in the U.S.?

A
  • high yield
  • it’s persistence as a perennial crop
  • it’s high palatability and high nutrient content
29
Q

What’s the best water content of plants for haymaking and how drying is done?

A
  1. The water content of plant materials should be reduced to <15% to allow storage with no spoilage.
  2. • Rapid drying is essential for making high-quality hay.
    • Traditional drying: circulating air through the hay after barn storage.
    • Modern drying: cutting herbage at pre-bloom stage, drying at high temperature in a short time, ground and sometimes pelleted.
    • To save the carotene and xanthophyll, the hay can be stored using inert gasses (e.g. N2
30
Q

What are the main sources of straw/chaff and what is their use in animal nutrition?

A
  1. The main source is from small cereal grains-wheat, barley, rye, rice, and oats
  2. Straws can be used as a dilute in high concentrations
31
Q

How is silage produced and what is it’s advantage in animal nutrition?

A
  1. Silage is produced by controlled fermentation of high-moisture forages in an anaerobic condition
  2. Silage is palatable and produces excellent results with high-producing lactating cows
32
Q

What is corn protein called? What are it’s limiting amino acids (AA’s) for animals?

A
  1. Zein

2. Lysine and tryptophan

33
Q

What are limiting AA’s of sorghum for animals nutrition?

A

Lysine

Threonine

34
Q

How the nutritional value of barley and oat is compared to corn?

A

Barley
• It has more protein with higher levels of lysine, tryptophan, methionine, and cystine than corn.
Oats
• Its protein content and AA balance is relatively higher than corn.

35
Q

Why are fats added to the diets of animals?

A
  • source of energy
  • increasing palatability
  • reducing dustiness
  • reducing bloat in ruminants
  • lubrication value on milling machinery
36
Q

What is the acceptable range of dietary fats for mono gastrics and ruminants?

A
  • 5-10% fat is generally added to diets of pigs and poultry, with higher than 10% resulting in sharp decrease in feed intake
  • Ruminants can tolerate less amount of dietary fat (optimal: 2-4%; maximum 7%).
37
Q

What factors do influence the quality of meat meal during its production?

A
  • its dilution with bone and connective tissues

* methods/temperature used for processing

38
Q

What is the limiting AA of blood meal?

A
  1. Isoleucine
39
Q

What are the nutritional values of fish meal for animals?

A
  • They are great sources of proteins and AA’s (rich in lysine), ranking close to milk proteins.
  • They are good sources of B-vitamins and most of the mineral elements.
40
Q

What factors do influence the quality of fish meal during its production?

A
  1. The quality of fish meal can be affected by:
    •partial decomposition before processing ooverheating during processing
    •excess oil and rancidity
    •inadequate drying and mold growth
41
Q

What are the nutritional advantages/disadvantages of using cottonseed meal for animals?

A

• Its limiting AA’s are cystine, methionine, and lysine.
• It is palatable for ruminants, but is low in Ca and carotene.
• it contains a yellow pigment, gossypol: relatively toxic for nonruminants
poor egg quality (green egg yolks)
oit contains sterculic acid:
can cause egg whites to turn pink

42
Q

What are the nutritional advantages/disadvantages of using soybean meal for animals?

A

• It is highly digestible and palatable and has a high-energy.
• Its limiting amino acids for swine and poultry are methionine and lysine.
2. Similar to other oilseeds, soybeans have some toxic and inhibitory compounds:
•goitrogenic material
•toxic antigens for young preruminants
•trypsin inhibitors
• genistin (growth-promoting properties)

43
Q

What method is commonly used for measuring the dry matter (DM) of feeds and what are the challenges?

A
  1. moisture meters
  2. • Determining the DM in the following materials is challenging:
    • plants that contain high concentration of volatile fatty acids
    • plants that contain higher amounts of essential oils, terpenes and other volatile substances
    • silages or other fermented products that contain large amounts of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric) and ammonia
    • some sugars that decompose, and partially insoluble proteins at temperatures above 70°C
44
Q

What method is used to measure the crude proteins (CP) of feeds and what are the pros and cons?

A
  1. Kjeldahl method
  2. pros: 1) accurate, 2) repeatable
    cons: 1) time consuming, 2) use of hazardous chemicals, 3) does not distinguish one form of N from another
45
Q

What method is used to measure the fat content of feed and what are the pros and cons?

A
  1. EE is the fraction of a feedstuff that has a high caloric value.
    • The EE method has some pros and cons: opros: a valid approach for materials made up
    primarily of fats and fatty acid esters
    ocons: less meaningful if the extract contains large amount of plant waxes, essential oils, resins, or similar compounds
46
Q

What components of plants cells are extracted using crude fiber (CF), NDF and ADF methods?

A

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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